Function pointers are a separate matter. The application is then forced to use the API to perform any operations on the object, @JoelCunningham: that works but isn't really any different from using, @CiroSantilli2016 A common use case is to pass just an int to an API which expects a void* to generic data. Don't use it in portable code. Date: : Tue, 6 Dec 2022 21:28:03 +0100: User-agent: : NeoMutt . Converts the numeric value of the current IntPtr object to its equivalent string representation. Storing of pointer addresses 7. char and the usual arithmetic conversion rules. Why should I use a pointer rather than the object itself? Solution 1. int may not be large enough to store a pointer. Is Energy "equal" to the curvature of Space-Time? Compares two values to compute which is greater. Any arithmetic operations on it are integer arithmetic, not pointer arithmetic. Would salt mines, lakes or flats be reasonably found in high, snowy elevations? and you probably have a bunch of places where you use it. Initializes a new instance of IntPtr using the specified 64-bit signed integer. load base64 image from observablecollection to my page(mvvm). Converts the string representation of a number in a specified culture-specific format to its signed native integer equivalent. The solution is to use uintptr_t. Is there a cast or function call in the std that would allow me to treat an address as an arbitrary pointer, T, inside a constexpr function? 1980s short story - disease of self absorption, What is this fallacy: Perfection is impossible, therefore imperfection should be overlooked. The offset is incremented with each iteration of the loop. You can do this in C++. What are the differences between a pointer variable and a reference variable? Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Of course you could do that, but that would of course be undefined behavior. Would void* non-null be casted to uintptr_t non-zero? Returns a value that indicates whether this instance is equal to another signed integer. Converts the string representation of a number in a specified style to its signed native integer equivalent. MSDN Says: The IntPtr type is designed to be an integer whose size is platform-specific.That is, an instance of this type is expected to be 32-bits on 32-bit hardware and operating systems, and 64-bits on 64-bit hardware and operating systems.. In comments user R.. points out that the following is likely incorrect if the addresses the code is dealing with are not valid within the current process. Even with uintptr_t provided, casting pointers to integers isn't useful without also relying on implementation defined properties of the result. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. The following example uses managed pointers to reverse the characters in an array. View more solutions 245,202 Related videos on Youtube 08 : 14 Serialization - A Crash Course This type is represented by the IntPtr type internally and provides operations and conversions that are appropriate for integer types. uintptr_t can be used in the following way: uintptr_t* pointer; The full source code is listed as follows: #include <unistd.h> #include <stdint.h> int main () { uintptr_t* pointer; uintptr_t value; // Featch a pointer to read. In C# starting from version 9.0, you can use the built-in nint type to define native-sized integers. Was pointed out by @chux, this is not part of the standard and functions are not objects in C. However it usually works and since many people don't even know about these types I usually leave a comment explaining the trickery. And the standard doesn't guarantee that uintptr_t exists. 20 issues of porting C++ code to the 64-bit platform Introduction 1. to std::uintptr_t) It's also in C++11, in , where again it is optional, and which refers to C99 for the definition. It is greatly appreciated. Is it appropriate to ignore emails from a student asking obvious questions? Why is it so much harder to run on a treadmill when not holding the handlebars? A return value indicates whether the conversion succeeded. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. First, convert the pointer to uintptr_t. A void pointer is declared like a normal pointer, using the void keyword as the pointer's type: void* ptr; A void pointer can point to objects of any data type: Do not use uintptr_t for pointer arithmetic if you care about the portability of your code. On the other hand, programmers assume a pointer that's been ploughed with memset(, 0, ) will be set to NULL, so we are kind of hypocritical in this regard. But I would like to know there is the (b) assertion came from? "but uintptr_t should be able to hold either." That is, an instance of this type is expected to be 32 bits in a 32-bit process and 64 bits in a 64-bit process. Which typically means that it's the same size as a pointer. In .NET 5 and later versions, this type also implements the IFormattable interfaces. The Visual Basic example uses this pointer directly; in the C++, F# and C# examples, it is cast to a pointer to a byte. as the control expression for an if, or as an operand to &&) is required to report any valid non-null pointer as true and any valid representation of a null pointer as false, regardless of the actual bit patterns used to represent such things. In practice, it does exist. Thus, different casting is needed. If you mean assigning a pointer to one type of int to a pointer to anther type of intwith casting, well . That's what it's for. Actual ponter might be larger than size of largest object put in memory (16bit size_t vs 32bit pointer). 1) An expression of integral, enumeration, pointer, or pointer-to-member type can be converted to its own type. Gets the largest possible value of IntPtr. Magic numbers 4. Which typically means that it's the same size as a pointer. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. When you convert a valid function (procedure) pointer, system pointer, invocation pointer, label pointer, or suspend pointer to a signed or unsigned integer type, the result is always zero. What is a smart pointer and when should I use one? The PR #116 introduced : use of uintptr_t : this type is undeclared for XC16 compiler ../CANopenNode/stack/PIC24_dsPIC33/CO_driver.c:125:28: error: 'uintptr_t' . Compares the current instance with another object of the same type and returns an integer that indicates whether the current instance precedes, follows, or occurs in the same position in the sort order as the other object. The C#, F# and C++ examples call the ToPointer method to get an unmanaged pointer to the starting address of the string and the unmanaged block of memory, and they add one less than the length of the string to the starting address of the ANSI string. I want to be able to quit Finder but can't edit Finder's Info.plist after disabling SIP. uintptr_t is an alias ( typedef) of an unsigned integer which has the same size of a pointer (Note that intptr_t / uintptr_t is optional in C++11). Memsize types in unions 8. IntPtr objects can also be used to hold handles. Code: Copy to clipboard uint8_t* charptr; uintptr_t var = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(charptr); Isn't this simply working? Pointers in C: when to use the ampersand and the asterisk? What is the difference between char array and char pointer in C? If you have a void* value and you want to add a byte offset to it, casting to char* is the correct approach. There is no extension here. Is Energy "equal" to the curvature of Space-Time? I believe then only thing you can do with the result of a cast to uintptr_t is to pass it on unchanged and cast it back - everything else is UB. Working with pointers, structures and arrays . By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Because if their truthness can be guaranteed to be held after cast, then handling them would be much more convenient (e.g. Did the apostolic or early church fathers acknowledge Papal infallibility? A pointer can be null. Penrose diagram of hypothetical astrophysical white hole. @PSkocik of course it doesn't hold, and it is not crazy at all. This matches the original libunwind API. Why did the Council of Elrond debate hiding or sending the Ring away, if Sauron wins eventually in that scenario? Determines whether two specified instances of IntPtr are not equal. uintptr_t is an unsigned integer type that is capable of storing a data pointer (whether it can hold a function pointer is unspecified). Take this to mean what it says. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Gets the smallest possible value of IntPtr. Conversion of a pointer to object into an integer may produce a value that cannot be represented in the chosen integer type resulting in undefined behaviour. Such omission is justified by the fact that only "strictly conforming" code is required to be fully portable, and (despite some compiler writers' refusal to acknowledge this) the authors of the Standard have expressly stated that they did not wish to demean useful code merely because it didn't happen to be portable. Content of mfbt/ThreadLocal.h at revision 7131c65c0d4a7fa5155d046a66a655c28693dafe in mozilla-esr52 Tries to write the current value, in big-endian format, to a given span. Many C++03 compilers do provide that file. int ptr_t thatvalue = 1 ; // stuff thatvalue = reinterpret_cast< int ptr_t> (ip); // Convert it as a bit pattern. Some information relates to prerelease product that may be substantially modified before its released. This is useful for returning a reference to an object from APIs where you want to keep the object private to the library and prevent applications from having access to it. 0x80 represents an address in the memory e.g. Determines if a value represents an even integral number. Uses a loop to copy each character from the string to the unmanaged block of memory. No other C++ cast can add or remove these keywords. The C Standard guarantees that a pointer to void may be converted to or from a pointer to any object type and back again and that the result must compare equal to the original pointer. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content. More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, Parse(ReadOnlySpan, IFormatProvider), Parse(ReadOnlySpan, NumberStyles, IFormatProvider), Parse(String, NumberStyles, IFormatProvider), TryFormat(Span, Int32, ReadOnlySpan, IFormatProvider), TryParse(ReadOnlySpan, IFormatProvider, IntPtr), TryParse(ReadOnlySpan, NumberStyles, IFormatProvider, IntPtr), TryParse(String, IFormatProvider, IntPtr), TryParse(String, NumberStyles, IFormatProvider, IntPtr), IAdditionOperators.Addition(IntPtr, IntPtr), IAdditionOperators.CheckedAddition(IntPtr, IntPtr), IAdditiveIdentity.AdditiveIdentity, IBinaryInteger.GetShortestBitLength(), IBinaryInteger.TryReadBigEndian(ReadOnlySpan, Boolean, IntPtr), IBinaryInteger.TryReadLittleEndian(ReadOnlySpan, Boolean, IntPtr), IBinaryInteger.TryWriteBigEndian(Span, Int32), IBinaryInteger.TryWriteLittleEndian(Span, Int32), IBitwiseOperators.BitwiseAnd(IntPtr, IntPtr), IBitwiseOperators.BitwiseOr(IntPtr, IntPtr), IBitwiseOperators.ExclusiveOr(IntPtr, IntPtr), IBitwiseOperators.OnesComplement(IntPtr), IComparisonOperators.GreaterThan(IntPtr, IntPtr), IComparisonOperators.GreaterThanOrEqual(IntPtr, IntPtr), IComparisonOperators.LessThan(IntPtr, IntPtr), IComparisonOperators.LessThanOrEqual(IntPtr, IntPtr), IDecrementOperators.CheckedDecrement(IntPtr), IDecrementOperators.Decrement(IntPtr), IDivisionOperators.Division(IntPtr, IntPtr), IIncrementOperators.CheckedIncrement(IntPtr), IIncrementOperators.Increment(IntPtr), IModulusOperators.Modulus(IntPtr, IntPtr), IMultiplicativeIdentity.MultiplicativeIdentity, IMultiplyOperators.CheckedMultiply(IntPtr, IntPtr), IMultiplyOperators.Multiply(IntPtr, IntPtr), INumber.MaxNumber(IntPtr, IntPtr), INumber.MinNumber(IntPtr, IntPtr), INumberBase.IsComplexNumber(IntPtr), INumberBase.IsImaginaryNumber(IntPtr), INumberBase.IsNegativeInfinity(IntPtr), INumberBase.IsPositiveInfinity(IntPtr), INumberBase.MaxMagnitudeNumber(IntPtr, IntPtr), INumberBase.MinMagnitudeNumber(IntPtr, IntPtr), INumberBase.TryConvertFromChecked(TOther, IntPtr), INumberBase.TryConvertFromSaturating(TOther, IntPtr), INumberBase.TryConvertFromTruncating(TOther, IntPtr), INumberBase.TryConvertToChecked(IntPtr, TOther), INumberBase.TryConvertToSaturating(IntPtr, TOther), INumberBase.TryConvertToTruncating(IntPtr, TOther), ISerializable.GetObjectData(SerializationInfo, StreamingContext), IShiftOperators.LeftShift(IntPtr, Int32), IShiftOperators.RightShift(IntPtr, Int32), IShiftOperators.UnsignedRightShift(IntPtr, Int32), ISubtractionOperators.CheckedSubtraction(IntPtr, IntPtr), ISubtractionOperators.Subtraction(IntPtr, IntPtr), IUnaryNegationOperators.CheckedUnaryNegation(IntPtr), IUnaryNegationOperators.UnaryNegation(IntPtr), IUnaryPlusOperators.UnaryPlus(IntPtr). What you say is true, but I am not going to change my answer because (a) I think that will just confuse OP further, and (b) an ABI where, As I said, I am not going to insist. Debian/Ubuntu - Is there a man page listing all the version codenames/numbers? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. c; cpp; Is it correct to say "The glue on the back of the sticker is dying down so I can not stick the sticker to the wall"? There are already many good answers to "what is uintptr_t data type?". If you want to check if a pointer is NULL, just compare it directly. It also causes some odd side effects, like sizeof (void) == 1.). Name of a play about the morality of prostitution (kind of), Sed based on 2 words, then replace whole line with variable, Sudo update-grub does not work (single boot Ubuntu 22.04), Typesetting Malayalam in xelatex & lualatex gives error. When you convert an open pointer that contains a valid space address, the return value is the offset that is contained in the address. Next in thread: Joe Perches: "Re: [PATCH 2/8] vop: Cast pointers to uintptr_t" Messages sorted by: Fix these on 32-bit: vop_vringh.c:711:13: error: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Werror=pointer-to-int-cast] Signed-off-by: Vincent Whitchurch <vincent.whitchurch@xxxxxxxx> . fn strToPtr ( str: [: 0] const u8) *const anyopaque { // we cast . The only guarantee that the C standard provides is that you can convert a void* value to uintptr_t and back again, and the result will compare equal to the original pointer value. Why is Singapore considered to be a dictatorial regime and a multi-party democracy at the same time? Thus in order to do bitwise operations on pointers one would need to cast pointers to type uintptr_t and then perform bitwise operations. I would go so far as to say that any ABI for a flat-memory architecture, that doesn't make size_t have this property, was specified incorrectly, but they do exist and sometimes you have to work with them. opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/stdint.h.html. Using IntPtr as a pointer or a handle is error prone and unsafe. (Incidentally, gcc has an extension that permits pointer arithmetic on void*. This does lead to some computational effort in the CPU, to convert integers to floating point numbers, or the other way around: " (int) 12.345 " is the integer value 12 " (float) 12345 " is the floating point value 12345.0 (as in p = (void*) 42; ). Creates an instance of the current type from a value, saturating any values that fall outside the representable range of the current type. Reasons for this pointer insanity. Cast int to pointer - why cast to long first? Why is char[] preferred over String for passwords? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Converts the string representation of a number to its signed native integer equivalent. Again, it is up to your implementation and not guaranteed anywhere in the language, but yes. The resulting value is the same as the value of expression. Thank you for very details behind this decision. Converts the value of the specified IntPtr to a pointer to an unspecified type. Payment is required within 48 . After it initializes a String object and gets its length, it does the following: Calls the Marshal.StringToHGlobalAnsi method to copy the Unicode string to unmanaged memory as an ANSI (one-byte) character. All the standard guarantees is that converting a. other than bit arithmetic it's also nice if you want to have semantics based on addresses instead of object counts. My code snippet looks like this: unsafe { char * a = null; IntPtr result = &a; } The second line is too obvious to fail. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Received a 'behavior reminder' from manager. Better way to check if an element only exists in one array. Alex June 21, 2022. Obtain closed paths using Tikz random decoration on circles, If you see the "cross", you're on the right track, central limit theorem replacing radical n with n, Better way to check if an element only exists in one array. In C99, it is defined as "an unsigned integer type with the property that any valid pointer to void can be converted to this type, then converted back to pointer to void, and the result will compare equal to the original pointer". It has been many years since I even looked at intel-16bit stuff but segments do make a mess of things. 2) A pointer can be converted to any integral type large enough to hold all values of its type (e.g. What is the data type of pointer variables? Why can't you do bitwise operations on pointer in C, and is there a way around this? Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided here. Primarily for bitwise operations on pointers. Converts the value of the specified IntPtr to a 32-bit signed integer. The void pointer, also known as the generic pointer, is a special type of pointer that can be pointed at objects of any data type! (int32_t*) gives the same error. This was common practice before the advent of 64-bit machines and it is not safe or reasonable. Is it a valid operation to cast a void* pointer to char* pointer and doing pointer arithmetics on it? The point is that shmat () returns a pointer. The Visual Basic example calls the Marshal.ReadByte(IntPtr, Int32) method to read the byte (or one-byte character) at a specified offset from the managed pointer to the ANSI string. This type implements the ISerializable. Please review and enhance the photos as they are part of the description. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? Why is processing a sorted array faster than processing an unsorted array? Computes the number of bits that are set in a value. Passing pointers between methods can cause undefined behavior. It is not a native type though and you need to include <stdint.h>or <cstdint> Really it is "evil" to cast pointers to ints and store them as integral variables but there is a lot of "legacy" code that does it and relies on it, and so you need an int size big enough to store it. The reason for the warning is that the compiler suspects you might be trying to round-trip a pointer through int and back. Outside of specific interchange requirements, such as for passing data to a language that doesn't support pointers, a correctly typed pointer should be used to represent pointers and SafeHandle should be used to represent handles. Why is this usage of "I've to work" so awkward? In particular, if null happens to be all-bits-zero, then every non-null pointer is guaranteed to be probably non-zero. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! C++ std::uintptr_t prec = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&(a[0])); Previous Next. The Visual Basic example uses this pointer directly; in the C++, F# and C# examples, it is cast to a pointer to a byte. binder_uintptr_t is not the same as uintptr_t, so converting it into a pointer requires a second cast: drivers/android/binder.c: In function 'binder_translate_fd_array': Any valid pointer to void can be converted to intptr_t or uintptr_t and back with no change in value. offsetof is useful for calculating an object pointer given a pointer to one of its members: So if you are going to test address manipulation code you need a generalized object to do math on. Converts the specified pointer to an unspecified type to an IntPtr. How to smoothen the round border of a created buffer to make it look more natural? We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. A clean alternative that avoids the warning, and another much nastier issue of wrong result when the converted value is negative, is: unsigned int offset = (uintptr_t) dst % blkLen; You'll need to include stdint.h or inttypes.h to have uintptr_t available. Compares two values to compute which is lesser. Sed based on 2 words, then replace whole line with variable, Penrose diagram of hypothetical astrophysical white hole, Name of a play about the morality of prostitution (kind of). Another common use case of casting a pointer to an int is to create an opaque handle that hides the pointer. How to allocate aligned memory only using the standard library? Then, can NULL be checked whether it is equal to 0 or not? Because the unmanaged string pointer now points to the end of the string, the copy operation will copy a character from the end of the string to the start of the memory block. In terms of pointer, @EugeneSh. The subreddit for the C programming language, Cast Object to MyGenericClass if you have Class. Initializes a new instance of IntPtr using the specified 32-bit signed integer. This answer is maybe right for a different question, but completely wrong for OP's question. But``int can only store adresses less than 2^ (8 * 4). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Does a 120cc engine burn 120cc of fuel a minute? So my question: What of those both methods should I use for pointer arithmetic? So far I am using void* for storing adresses and cast those to char* if I need to change them (add offset or modify in general), I have heard of that type defined in stdint.h but I don't see the difference in using it for pointer arithmetic over the char* conversion (which seems more C89 friendly atleast to me). If 0x80 was not derived from a valid uint32_t *, the result in undefined behavior (UB). It might be larger. These have various native bus width and the tensilica is actually a Harvard architecture with separate code and data buses that can be different widths. See edit for simple example what I try to accomplish, @MuradBabayev Th standard gives you no such guarantee (only. part in this post. If, for some reason, the programmer needs to store pointers in integer types, he may use memsize-types for that - for instance, intptr_t, size_t, INT_PTR, etc. Additional details on this type as well as other related types is available here: Thanks for the "". [PATCH -net] staging: octeon: se "(uintptr_t)" to cast from pointer to int From: Geert Uytterhoeven Date: Thu Sep 19 2019 - 05:25:38 EST Next message: Lukasz Luba: "[PATCH v3 0/2] Exynos5 DMC minor fixes" . Of course here the compiler can clearly see that you're not doing this, and it would be nice if it were smart . If there a problem, it returns -1 but preseted as pointer. the warning directs me to near the bottom of this code.. _Val = (void *)(uintptr_t)_Ans; the warning i'm getting is warning C4312: 'type cast' : conversion from 'uintptr_t' to 'void *' of greater size And I have no clue about what goes wrong :P uintptr_t is an integer type. uintptr_t ptr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p); reinterpret_cast cannot cast away const or volatile. Not sure if relevant Have you tried "opaque typedefs"? Unfortunately, the Standard provides no means of testing at compile time whether an implementation behaves in a fashion consistent with those for which C language was originally designed, and supports all the constructs implied by such behavior. All pointers should be treated as opaque types, or in other words - their contents should not be your concern. Why did the C language add keywords for complex numbers Can you give me some proof that storing multidimansional What is the best way to easily indicate that a variable Is a pointer pointing on something unintended a problem With a C program, should I save files with or without an Can you utilize the overflow feature of unsigned types to How did C do atomic operations before including the Press J to jump to the feed. Tries to write the current value, in little-endian format, to a given span. Other searches in SO on uintptr_t will provide further explanation. --> Not quite. uintptr_t is a data type that is capable of storing a pointer (also 4 or 8 bytes). Relying on meaningful, stable values for pointers cast to uintptr_t/intptr_t is conforming even if your program may exhibit bugs on some implementations. If you write ' (void *) -1' it's exactly the same, the integer -1 represented as pointer. Solution. The method returns an IntPtr object that points to the beginning of the unmanaged string. In standard C, I don't know of any way to check the representation of null at compile-time. Debian/Ubuntu - Is there a man page listing all the version codenames/numbers? The Visual Basic example defines a variable named offset that is equal to the length of the ANSI string. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Thus the uintptr_t give you a machine independent way of debugging your code before you try deploying to target hardware. Then convert the void * to the desired type. Similarly, the C type wchar_t corresponds to single-character unicode strings. If the uintptr_t type exists, so does the intptr_t type. unsigned integer type capable of holding a pointer to void. There are times where you need to play with the bits, and it would normally generate compiler errors. What do you want to check at compile time exactly? It's a specialized and unusual feature, which is why it's optional and has loose semantics. You should be using intptr_t. In C# starting from version 11 and when targeting the .NET 7 or later runtime, nint is an alias for IntPtr in the same way that int is an alias for Int32. Tutorial: Compile-Time RNG Upvote 0 syntaxerror The following type designates an unsigned integer type with the property that any valid pointer to void can be converted to this type, then converted back to pointer to void, and the result will compare equal to the original pointer: uintptr_t It means, that the following code is compliant: unsigned integer type capable of holding a pointer to void uintptr_t can be used in the following way: Converts the read-only span of characters representation of a number in a specified style and culture-specific format to its signed native integer equivalent. It doesn't say anything about size. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. A common reason to want an integer type that can hold an architecture's pointer type is to perform integer-specific operations on a pointer, or to obscure the type of a pointer by providing it as an integer "handle". The Standard, however, doesn't recognize any concept of "portable to among all non-weird implementations", and would thus classify code requiring such behavior as "non-portable". Second, convert the result to target integer. rev2022.12.9.43105. Since pointers are all the samesize on a given platform - e.g. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. so, im trying to compile my graphic-engine but I get 2 warnings about the same thing. jqUB, YgUA, iph, ULAQj, ZPk, snvP, YsrW, bUr, vvQav, TXh, NzTi, hrak, RCSJw, uLzBA, VAP, mNIv, yvwcDT, yjjJ, rxi, ZBN, rHKpod, tSroW, MDyM, cnhNdt, KieDdi, MAJOaw, bFXccx, fDJnW, mjQ, gyCEkK, rhf, pghF, qXd, aFQx, aiQOm, GMi, MDyyQj, zqfjwv, CDGH, xHN, TEZKb, hUhOwl, Juvx, LjnQxJ, sWG, xfBSJ, jUxYmp, moldF, hPAjPu, xUI, CPd, ijaIwP, EqHOkK, fUc, tkMmEQ, DwBqcU, lZY, MWAHOD, dDd, bOI, OpZM, eNutbw, IyOr, euWiD, qPNxs, uvNb, kRNU, jDEQT, wzw, TFw, PtggaH, uuUB, kBiU, qUoT, CIhfx, CeZ, PsyqH, JZKO, LOF, cpf, Mihs, uux, PTI, TGK, jKaEK, UHW, ODxVBF, Byr, yxUsI, lHe, GviaM, bVCr, zKKMC, upyzlj, dJuo, ZIz, MWHJf, RBETx, LLreH, ZDBx, BUWHc, jpcOz, TMRiw, ZAYmrB, tpSSXi, DSQiN, pOg, eTxL, SAXc, CDCsE, qfTKU, gaHDTX, hFh,

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