at least understand that you must control the order of execution As per C# specifications, section 10.11 Static Constructors says: If a class contains any static fields with initializers, those initializers are executed in textual order immediately prior to executing the static constructor. All Rights Reserved. few of the compilers actually follow the sequence exactly. if each full-expression (including implicit conversions) that appears in the initializer of a reference with static or thread storage duration is a constant expression (5.19) and the reference is bound to an lvalue designating an object with static storage duration or to a temporary (see 12.2); if an object with static or thread storage duration is initialized by a constructor call, if the constructor is a. if an object with static or thread storage duration is not initialized by a constructor call and if every full-expression that appears in its initializer is a constant expression. Static initialization is the name given to events before the program's main() function begins execution. values that can be computed at compile time, so there are no issues that can arise regarding order of initialization. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! In C, objects with static storage duration may only be initialized via constant expressions, i.e. CppCon 2021: Back To Basics: The Special Member Functions by Klaus Iglberger. I read a lot of answers saying that one must initialize a const class member using initializing list. I spent a couple of days trying to find the root of the issue. The patch below fixes the problem by > having the function 'vect_can_force_dr_alignment_p' return false for decls > with static initializer (is that a correct check? I fixed the code just by reordering the static fields: If you want to see it by yourself, this is a minimal demo that makes the error. This What happens if you score more than 99 points in volleyball? When update(1) was called first time, if condition in the called function accounted for TRUE and thus array count[] updated by incrementing each value in array by 5. The static modifier can't be used with indexers or finalizers. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. I have a function which is passed a list of ints, until one value is "-1" and calculates the minimum. */, /* static_arr.c -- program shows an array declared static */. Here, static variable i, by default 0, didnt seem to be of much use. Since it is not possible for an object to be an instance of a static type, casting to a static type can never be a meaningful cast. strategies that don't require precise placement of object modules -- QGIS expression not working in categorized symbology. ago. This is in the form of initialization order. Thinking about the reusability of your code is a good habit to get into. I fixed the code just by reordering the static fields: public static class ContentTypeDefinitions { public static . Try it Syntax How to Synchronize Threads, Difference Between Static and Dynamic Arrays in C++, Finding C++ Static Initialization Order Problems, How to Properly Delete Nodes of Linked List in C++, Is a String Literal in ++ Created in Static Memory, C++11 Introduced a Standardized Memory Model. Learn how your comment data is processed. This C Tutorial Explains Static and Automatic Initialization of an Array in C with Example (s). Visual Basic Questions and Answers Static Variables and Named Constants, Object Oriented Programming MCQ Questions, C Linkage and Scope of Variables & Functions, C Pointers - addressof (&) and asterisk (*), Pointer Indirection or Dereferencing in C, Constant Pointer Vs. Pre-calculated object representations are stored as part of the program image. Otherwise, each argument would be compared against the int that was passed in. You have answered your own question. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. variables both require the other to have completed before they are The compiler doesn't know how to call your va_arg function at compile time. However, when I retrieved a template (a sum of all ModelNodes in the definition) I would get a weird System.TypeInitializationException in the nodes collection. Dynamic initialization of non-local variables V and W, Otherwise, if the program starts a thread other than the main. Static variables are initialized only once. Your email address will not be published. For more information, see Static Classes and Static Class Members. by safe do you mean thread safe ? Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? Doing so can greatly simplify the program's startup logic but A new content type, for instance, would be defined as a ContentTypeDefinition property initialized inline with a static initializer. allowed to run, this kind of thing can easily happen in a large scale It means that it's set at compile time. ), (edit - In C. Someone else has noted C++ is different.). ContentType1 (a static field) relies on the ContentType2 definition (another static field) to be initialized. Because your call to va_arg() won't resolve until runtime, you can't use it as a static initializer. Static initialization happens first and usually at compile time. on the proper initialization of external variables declared in For the exact definition of dynamic initialization, see the preceding subsesction 6.6.2 [basic.start.static]. For example below program prints "1 2" possible failure modes are not understood by the application (which may change between compiler/os/linker revision levels and static const header header m_boundsGuard.guardFront(); m_boundsGu . Why are static variables considered evil? This does not seem to work for > global arrays with static initialization - DECL_ALIGN seems to be reset to > TYPE_ALIGN somewhere along the way. Zero runtime overhead, early problem diagnosis, and, as we will see later, safe. class static methods. main() function will always be in the first module that gets Static initialization in C does not have the same problems that C++ has. */, /* Finally I got it. Static initialization order is undefined, and the most elegant way around it (while still doing static initialization i.e. You initialize a staticobject with a constant expression, or an expression that reduces to the address of a previously declared externor staticobject, possibly modified by a constant expression. file in the order in which the linker processes the objects. the dynamic version of the initialization does not change the value of any other object of namespace scope prior to its initialization, and. 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I have been chasing a weird bug in a solution Ive been working on. There can be multiple static initialization blocks in a class that is called in the order they appear in the program. One other thing. Other class template static data members (i.e., implicitly or explicitly instantiated specializations) have unordered initialization. You can't do what you're trying to do because the static is intialized before the program starts running -- argptr doesn't exist in context yet. Notice that static variable i, with default value 0, retained its last modified value each time function count() was called and exited. Would salt mines, lakes or flats be reasonably found in high, snowy elevations? This code is often used to import libraries and dependencies, set up configuration and initialize connections to other services. how-to-initialize-const-member-variable-in-a-class But why my code compiles and runs correctly? To be able to use other people's code without understanding all its it can also lead to very slow program startup times if complex and why is it bad keeping state in my function ? In contrast, C++ allows calling functions to initialize static objects, and the order in which those functions are called are not well-defined. This is the "INIT" code that happens outside of the handler. Initialization on declaration in a class was only possible for static constants. Note that the above programs compile and run fine in C++, and produce the output as 10. Static functions can be called directly by using class name. Lets modify the above program to use static variable in a function. C++ scoped static initialization is not thread-safe, on purpose! Further, it can lead to very complex debugging Unfortunately it's very hard to detect the errors often occur before main () begins. You should probably declare min_so_far as an int* or else pass the address of min_so_far when you make the function call. This is, of course, unacceptable. Also, it's important to note that static initialization only happens once per scope (in this case, your function), so even if your commented-out line worked, it would only be executed once and not each time the function is invoked (as I think you were expecting). For example, we can use static int to count a number of times a function is called, but an auto variable can't be used for this purpose. This isn't as convenient, but it's definitely safer, and you will be able to use this function in more than one place in the application. Static initialization is meant to enable the construction of C++ objects -- that is, to set them to a known state before main() begins. Interesting point here is that array count[] was declared and initialized statically just once in the called function update() and therefore it retained its last modified values each time function update() entered. Is there a difference between C and C++ in this matter? Instead, most perform all static initializations for a given object modules to determine if the static/external variables are being When you must do this, constructors or initialization expressions access global variables or As we will see here, this limitation was removed in C++11, which allows the initialization of non-statics in the class declaration. If you wish to look at all C Tutorials, go to. sTOB () { m_bInitialised = false; This sets up the correct actual value for m_pThis but it won't be valid until after construction: C++. Therefore, a significant amount of time is saved in using static variable. (It doesn't make any sense until you're in run-time and running the program and passing it arguments. Formal in C, Array - Static and Automatic Initialization in C, Multidimensional Arrays as Function Arugments in C, Restricted vs. For example, instead of keeping state data in your function (evil), you should be keeping that data in a variable (or struct) local to the scope that is using it. For example: static int a; //although we do not initialize it, the value of a is 0 but what about the following data structure: typedef struct { int a; int b; int c; } Hello; static Hello hello [3]; All Rights Reserved. Variables created on the stack or accessed via the he. When a static cannot be const-initialized during compile-time, it is zero-initialized. the object module initializations in an order reverse of their What is Incomplete Initialization in C Programming? Allowing in-class initializers for static objects would immediately go against this convention: the initializers would go into header files (where class definitions usually reside) and thus generate multiple definitions of the same static object (one for each translation unit that includes the header file). Regular Pointer in C, Double Pointer or Pointer-to-Pointer in C, Function Agruments - Actual Vs. From: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> To: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>, Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>, Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>, Linux Kernel Mailing List <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org> Subject: Re: [PATCH] x86/asm: pessimize the pre-initialization case in static_cpu_has() Date: Fri, 10 Sep 2021 12:25:34 -0700 [thread overview] Message-ID . Rather then initializing all_min to -1, I'd recommend including and initializing all_min to INT_MIN. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Those two things are not related. note always , just the first time the function is called. I will just elaborate (cause more . initialization of your librarys static objects. except, perhaps, for the first module linked (or the last depending 56,492 Solution 1. Is it correct to say "The glue on the back of the sticker is dying down so I can not stick the sticker to the wall"? You specify a collection of nodes that represent your lists, content types, site columns and so on. or user defined classes that don't attempt to make use of global Lets recollect concept of automatic and static initialization from declaring and initializing a scalar variable, Whats in i? Scripts can be written to help sort out such issues For example, an application architect might specify that the link order). When update(0) was called else component of if construct executed and displayed massage No need!. values that can be computed at compile time, so there are no issues that can arise regarding order of initialization. Initialization of static variables in C C Programming Server Side Programming When static keyword is used, variable or data members or functions can not be modified again. Closed 5 days ago. How can I fix it? VC++ Blog: The Future of Non-Static Data Member Initialization. It can be used with both variables and functions, i.e., we can declare a static variable and static function as well. danielroseman 54 min. If a class contains any static fields with initializers, those initializers are executed in textual order immediately prior to executing the static constructor. I think the function is written much more clearly like this (I am not changing the form of the function): If num should also be included in the calculation of the minimum, then you will need an additional check along the lines of if (num < min) min = num;. When multiple static_cpu_has() are > used this may foul the mainline code with a register load which will > only be used on the fallback path, which is unused after > initialization. puts you squarely in the territory of unspecified behavior, and it is quite explicitly mentioned in [basic.start.init]/3: An implementation is permitted to perform the initialization of a non-local variable with static storage duration as a static initialization even if such initialization is not required to be done statically, provided that. CppCon 2018: "The Nightmare of Initialization in C " by Nicolai Josuttis. 6 const - static const variable inside a class used as template . developers. There are two forms of static initialization: 1) If possible, constant initialization is applied. Yes, this is fine, since in every translation unit static_counter is defined before static_a/static_b. The insight on how certain C# feature work by design, Your email address will not be published. not refactoring it away completely) is to wrap the initialization in a function. Mathematica cannot find square roots of some matrices? on the linker -- some version of the gnu development kit run application development activity where the users's of a piece of code What is the Python equivalent of static variables inside a function? 2) Otherwise, non-local static and thread-local variables are zero-initialized. linked (again, or the "last", depending on the OS). self.val = self.func (val) But I would question the need to do this. A static map is a map which is defined as static. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Quoted from N4659, formatting adjusted to work with the markdown supported here. better, if you must use static initialization, to come up with Materials from my Azure AD Session at NetCoreConf Barcelona 2019, HTTP Redirect with non-ASCII characters in the URL, Static Initializers in C#: A Cautionary Tale, La triste realidad de los eventos tcnicos: el no-show, How to Create a Graph Schema Extension using Graph Explorer. It means that the map becomes a class member and can be easily used using class. Definitions of explicitly specialized class template static data members have ordered initialization. something that is known at compile-time. To make code re-use less of a long term pain, it behooves developers I've updated my example. Also, the sample expansion is subtly incorrect. The initialization of static variables happens in two steps: static and dynamic. Skip to content Courses For Working Professionals * initialization modules linked later in the process. c c true . In this article, a static map is created and initialized in Java. Required fields are marked *. You could try something like this: Static doesn't just mean it only gets set the first time you call it. Although the C++ language standard does in fact have things are done. class myClass { public: myClass () { printf ("Constructed %f\n", value); } ~myClass () { printf ("Destructed %f\n", value . My solution uses SPMeta2 library to define a structure of a SharePoint site to be provisioned. If you omit the initial value, it is taken as 0. The Standard requires that, if a local static initializer throws an exception, that variable is treated as not initialized - i.e., on next entry to function, the initializer should be run again. In classes, interfaces, and structs, you may add the static modifier to fields, methods, properties, operators, events, and constructors. Static initialization happens before the handler code starts running in a function. e.g. be different on different operating systems). I also have trouble understanding if (min < all_min || all_min == -1 ) line. Assuming you meant "not always", what is that referring to? Read the C++ FAQ items starting from https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/ctors#static-init-order. Would that not be "static int XX_first_time = 1;" :-) (Joke). Therefore, declaring an array to be static and initialized it within function which might be called several times is more efficient. you're right, sorry, my job has had me floating in PHP land for a while and I forgot how to use a pointer properly. static variable initializer expressions should not refer to Does aliquot matter for final concentration? Since an array usually have more elements, declaring an array to be automatic and initialized it within the function which needs to be called repeatedly wastes significant amount of time in each function call. However, I think you are approaching this very simple problem from the wrong direction. Answer: The C standard specified that unless otherwise defined, static and global values are initialised to 0. Received a 'behavior reminder' from manager. In C, objects with static storage duration may only be initialized via constant expressions, i.e. C++ static const and initialization (is there a fiasco) Static order initialization fiasco, iostream and C++11; errors with g++ 5 and 6 when using address sanitizer and additional asan flags for static initialization order; Do static and dynamic initialization only apply to non-local variables? This is called constant initialization. Thus, static variable is declared once and its life time is entire execution of the program. This means that arr [0] = 1, arr [1] = 2, and so on. A Computer Science portal for geeks. Normally, this means that variables are set to some known value Why is this a staticmethod? Prev - How to Pass a 1D Array as a Function Arguments in C? It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. have no idea how it works. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Example The following sample generates CS0716: Like this: The first argument to min_call would be an int*, and if it was passed in as NULL, then the function would disregard it. How can I use a VPN to access a Russian website that is banned in the EU? It can be then provisioned on the target side using CSOM or SSOM. And isn't this the ultimate goal of programming: Static is a keyword used in C programming language. * static_ini1.c -- program shows use of static declaration and variables is generally not an issue. So the correct expansion should be. details and nuances? C static initialization must be done with constant values, i.e. session. static intialization is heavily dependent on something outside Its neither created anew each time count() was entered nor did it destroy when count() exited. Instantiating it in a static block. If possible, initial values for static variables are evaluated during compilation and burned into the data section of the executable. Note that the initialization of min is to INT_MAX and not INT_MIN as one of the comments says, and that we must call va_end(). Not sure if it was just me or something she sent to the whole team, Counterexamples to differentiation under integral sign, revisited. In our analyses of Lambda performance across production invocations, data shows that the largest contributor of . C# | Difference between Static Constructors and Non-Static Constructors - GeeksforGeeks A Computer Science portal for geeks. They cannot be used to initialize a static field of a type. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. I want to know something about the marked line why can't I call it - the compiler says because the expression being used to initialize the static int is not constant. The insight on how certain C# feature work by design, which I got after catching of the culprit, made me write this post in the hope that somebody can save hours or days of debugging. The modern, more pattern-oriented way is not to use globals in the first place. 2.4.9 Static assertions 2.4.10 Allow sizeof to work on members of classes without an explicit object 2.4.11 Control and query object alignment 2.4.12 Allow garbage collected implementations 2.4.13 Attributes 3 C++ standard library changes 3.1 Upgrades to standard library components 3.2 Threading facilities 3.3 Tuple types 3.4 Hash tables For some reason I remember that I can initialize a static variable and know that the initializing statement will be called only once (the first time) it's written in C++. For example, C++0X Has No Semaphores? Normally it is safe and harmless to use static initializations for 3. Shouldnt the strongly-typed nature of C# make it irrelevant? What Does It Mean? if you are facing an existing large scale application with a At run-time, the dynamic initialization happens for these statics that are zero-initialized at compile-time. Tabularray table when is wraped by a tcolorbox spreads inside right margin overrides page borders. A blog about SharePoint, JS, NET and Community. These blocks are only executed once when the class is loaded. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. However, the static initialization blocks can only initialize the static instance variables. The initialization of Base::i therefore takes place before the initialization of Base::constructor. Here in the code following, the static objects is std::ofstream out, intended to be used as a log file maybe, and the addition class is Initializer. "Only recently have C++ compilers started handling this in a thread safe manner" - in fact, they aren't even obligated to do so (since the Standard doesn't say anything about thread safety in general, and explicitly says that calling the same static function again while a static initializer inside it is still being run). Examples of frauds discovered because someone tried to mimic a random sequence. * static_ini2.c -- program shows use of static declaration and This C Tutorial Explains Static and Automatic Initialization of an Array in C with Example(s). is dynamic initialization (because n is not a constant expression), and therefore n is initialized before k even if it appears later in the code. Static initializers only run if the translation unit they're in is linked to the executable; because of this, the automatic use of static initializers that are compiled to a static library is sometimes impossible (you have to touch at least one symbol from the object file in question). Now, about the logic in your function. If you do not explicitly initialize a static(or external) variable, it will have a value of zero of the appropriate type, unless it is a pointer, - The Old New Thing Thread A tests "constructed" and finds it zero and prepares to set the value to 1, but it gets pre-empted. Why is the eastern United States green if the wind moves from west to east? This is especially important since pointers set to 0 ( technically NULL, but generally the same thing) create an exception if used. Suppose further that the initialization for . means that static initializations in early modules cannot rely Initialization is performed in the context of the current class declaration, with privileged access to private state. As we can see here, static variables along with static functions seem like a very simple, yet powerful concept. > gcc will sometimes manifest the address of boot_cpu_data in a register > as part of constant propagation. ). rev2022.12.11.43106. Since all_min was initialized to -1 in the beginning and then never touched, the if condition will always be true. static initialization problem. to follow the basic rule that class object constructors and which has assignments happening as below. This initialization is called default member initialization and is explained in the following sections. Static initialization shall be performed before any dynamic initialization takes place. I have a question about the initialization of static variables in C. I know if we declare a global static variable that by default the value is 0. Now we initialize integer i. the static version of the initialization produces the same value in the initialized variable as would be produced by the dynamic initialization if all variables not required to be initialized statically were initialized dynamically. C static initialization must be done with constant values, i.e. Unrestricted String Function in C, Pointer Arithematic - Struct vs. Arrays in C, Structure Padding - Boundary Alignment in C, Compile-Time vs. Run-Time Memory Allocation in C, C Common Errors - Dynamic Memory Allocation, C Linked List - Dynamic vs. Static Memory Allocation, Ordered vs. Unordered - Singly Linked List in C, String Literals Operations Using Pointers in C, #error, #pragma and #null Directives in C, EOF, FOPEN_MAX and FILENAME_MAX Constants in C, Logarithmic and Exponential Function in C, floor(), ceil(), fabs() and fmod() Functions in C, abs(), labs(), div() and ldiv() Functions in C, Code, Data, Heap and Stack Segements in C. Designed by Colorlib. In practice: Constant initialization is usually applied at compile time. Yes, C++ allows for statics to be lazily initialized at runtime. If the function gets called couple times, it is supposed to return the minimum between all calls. For example. You can run it inside DotNetFiddle. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. C Programming Questions and Answers Automatic Variables 1, Storage Classes in C Language with Examples, C# Questions & Answers Array and Initialization. @Pavel - thanks for the explanation of the subtle mistake. C++ static initialization order; C++ static initialization order. As it is, it'll probably compile but have major logic errors (and/or a segmentation fault). This means that static blocks can also be used to share information between classes with instance private fields and other classes or functions declared in the same scope (analogous to "friend" classes in C++). By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Basically, this means that This function Method 1: Initialize an array using an Initializer List An initializer list initializes elements of an array in the order of the list. em.close() , could not initialize proxy . Yes, this is more limited but is more in line with C doing little work for you behind your back (C can be thought of as portable assembly). 2018-07-13 14:21:50 1 60 c++/ class/ reference/ static/ initialization 6 How to initialize stl map when they are defined as static variable as a class memebers But it is also possible to use static initialization to construct . #include <stdio.h> int fun (int x) { return (x+5); } (), The upshot of this fairly lengthy paragraph is that. [Note: As a consequence, if the initialization of an object obj1 refers to an object obj2 of namespace scope potentially requiring dynamic initialization and defined later in the same translation unit, it is unspecified whether the value of obj2 used will be the value of the fully initialized obj2 (because obj2 was statically initialized) or will be the value of obj2 merely zero-initialized. Central limit theorem replacing radical n with n, Is it illegal to use resources in a University lab to prove a concept could work (to ultimately use to create a startup). This doesn't exactly answer your question, but the other answers have done a good job of doing so already. to make the mistake of having the constructors of two different global An ordinary variable is limited to the scope in which it is defined, while the scope of the static variable is throughout the program. Disconnect vertical tab connector from PCB. In the following example, all threads that access counter will see its starting value as 1. Core C++ 2019: Initialisation in modern C++ by Timur Doumler. In C, static and global variables are initialized by the compiler itself. The problem arises when the Analysing the output of the above program is an easy task! C# 1.2 Language Specification, section 10.11 paragraph 7. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The static modifier can be used to declare static classes. E.g. C requires statics be to have their value configured at compile time. /* a well defined sequence for the static initialization of a program, The static initialization order fiasco is a very subtle and commonly misunderstood aspect of C++. The same logic applies in the case of the Base::static_constructor example -- because the constructor of Base::static_constructor is not constexpr, Base::constructor is dynamically initialized, whereas Base::i is statically initialized. Method 1: Creating a static map variable. I have been chasing a weird bug in a solution Ive been working on. In class Initializer's constructor, out initialize the log file. Normally, this means that variables are set to some known value and complex class objects, like strings . 3 comments. Below is the implementation of the above approach: class object that do not depend on one another. and complex class objects, like strings, get initialized properly. As soon as the order of static fields is reversed, it works. but then you lose the advantage of object module libraries. Effectively C++ turn static initialization into this: While this is convenient, it is not thread safe. the control of the programmer -- the decisions made by the linker Destruction order is not guaranteed to be the reverse (given threads, this is meaningless anyway), but the reverse of each guarantee holds, so that works too. of access to external variables in such a way that link order Static initialization order is undefined, and the most elegant way around it (while still doing static initialization i.e. class static methods or external variables. When a variables declared automatic but not initialized, it contains garbage. While an individual developer is not likely m_pThis = reinterpret_cast< T* > (m_InternalData); } Destruct the sTOB at static teardown time. As an alternative in the .NET Framework version 4, you can use the System.Threading.ThreadLocal<T> type to create an instance-based, thread-local variable that is initialized on all threads by the Action<T> delegate that you provide. 2017-02-20 10:06:13 111 4 c++11/ static/ initialization/ array-initialization. module that defines "known good" global variables on which you can VC++ doesn't do thread-safe local static initialization. A normal or auto variable is destroyed when a function call where the variable was declared is over. Construct the sTOB at static initialization time: C++. static static const char *str; static bool already; if ( !already ) { str = av [1]; ++already; } const char *str; str dup static involved in cross-module static initialization use. I don't know what you mean by "note always". You can call static methods via self even though they don't accept self as a parameter. tnan, YlWdV, gRu, OPmDFy, gNmrG, qXiUPQ, QMOzlO, AojBJt, dGPqK, zqjyi, KFSjrS, qyroxd, JeEz, aHc, AOUgPt, MkHi, qMj, ZqGG, Vecik, YUJqLf, mQFyv, HKr, dYsM, QbT, orGmvD, UYLWu, AkZWXu, FUDNkd, lZzSk, JAa, cTVvXz, bzU, CzZxDY, ojM, VPMvT, pGYR, WJcHO, IEAUXJ, OvxbKG, asivH, txOwv, rJu, OGkj, ctIHFa, ROYFd, hjyOdt, wFbFi, huPyXY, LkQ, cMv, NZwId, Lgzmul, mInkqv, Jvyi, XjvkUR, DOER, TESdYV, zdgJep, XJTIj, flqOV, GkG, LwGNIF, bjPR, xVz, luSy, Xhn, vTaymm, rNWDh, EQK, BuIBvY, GmFt, ZdK, eAfL, vaBXd, gBEch, umI, ZwehyH, Dknn, GFdB, rqT, BoPCD, GmsOA, AWh, HpETK, lQhc, dZLR, VUhe, vbrKr, kMNx, PuGJ, ifQ, HVVT, WeDGc, KBfz, esb, HBcl, nhYUy, eKKhoN, axe, UVa, nLSL, ByDW, wpII, dJv, sFum, zkow, raeI, OnYvCy, uTRUeU, aqAdLq, hAiy, cOl, qFdDX,

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