Arakan Army soldiers and many ethnic Rakhine civilians are also deeply suspicious of non-Rakhine minorities, who they believe provide information and supplies to the Tatmadaw. [48] Following international condemnation of the Rohingya genocide, observers have noted that Myanmar has tightened its relations with China. Crisis Group visit to Kaungkha, November 2018; Crisis Group interviews, well-placed local sources, Lashio and Kutkai, November 2018; Crisis Group telephone interviews, Kaungkha Militia leaders and members, June 2020; Crisis Group interview, analyst, Yangon, June 2020. Squiz The Day. They encourage the idea that ethnic rights are contingent on numerical superiority in a particular locale, ignoring the fact that many ethnic minority people do not inhabit one particular location. 28 February is Rare Disease Day . Petty, Martin; Blanchard, Ben (1 September 2009). Myanmar Releases 4 Foreigners in Broad Prisoner Amnesty The foreign prisoners were part of a broad release of 5,774 prisoners in the country as part of celebrating its National Victory Day Rebuilding Relations between Colombia and Venezuela, Stop Fighting Blind: Better Use-of-Force Oversight in the U.S. Congress, Giving Countries in Conflict Their Fair Share of Climate Finance, Floods, Displacement and Violence in South Sudan, Rough Seas: Tracking Maritime Tensions with Iran, Crime in Pieces: The Effects of Mexicos War on Drugs, Explained, How Yemens War Economy Undermines Peace Efforts, The Climate Factor in Nigerias Farmer-Herder Violence, Conflict in Ukraines Donbas: A Visual Explainer, The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer, Turkeys PKK Conflict: A Visual Explainer, The Dark Side of Transition: Violence Against Muslims in Myanmar, An Avoidable War: Politics and Armed Conflict in Myanmars Rakhine State, A Tentative Peace in Myanmars Kachin Conflict, Shanni Nationalities Army opinion statement, Five Years On, Rohingya Refugees Face Dire Conditions and a Long Road Ahead, Coming to Terms with Myanmars Russia Embrace. [fn]Ibid.Hide Footnote, The Kaungkha Militia is one part of a patchwork of insurgent groups and militias across Shan State and much of Myanmars upland areas. [fn]Ferguson, op. This rarely-seen primitive ancestor of rhinos and horses has changed very little in the last 35 million years. [fn]1982 Myanmar Citizenship Law.Hide Footnote Only members of ethnic groups present in Myanmar prior to 1823 are eligible for citizenship by birth. Access to Myanmar's ports and naval installations provide China with strategic influence in the Bay of The independence constitution emphasised indigenous races in its definition of citizenship but also allowed that some long-term residents from other parts of the British Empire could be citizens. See Thant Myint-U, A visual sense of the complexity of ethno-linguistic classification in Myanmar is provided by the contemporary language map in Appendix D, which should be seen as a demonstration of the impracticality of any such exercise, rather than as an accurate geographic mapping of ethno-linguistic identities. 28 February is Rare Disease Day . [fn]Ferguson, op. Small skirmishes were reported in the following years, but major conflict erupted in December 2018 and has continued to escalate since then, concentrated on central and northern Rakhine State and Paletwa in southern Chin State. National Museum of American Diplomacy Art in Embassies Administrative. [fn]Ibid.Hide Footnote, Emboldened by the strength of the Arakan Army, some ethnic Rakhine civilians also coerce non-Rakhine minorities to hand over their possessions, particularly aid supplies from NGOs. [fn]The drug menace and the Tatmadaws mission, op. Ibid. [fn]Crisis Group telephone interviews, Mohnyin resident and Shanni politician, June 2020.Hide Footnote Further from the conflicts front lines, Kachin and Shanni communities have also become more segregated since 2011. The Western Pacific Region is home to almost 1.9 billion people across 37 countries and areas in the Asia Pacific. [50][51], In January 2020, Commander-in-Chief Min Aung Hlaing met with Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Nay Pyi Taw. Women wore floral head ornaments, uniquely decorated blouses, felt footwear, and a htamein, which you can see many women wearing today. World Health Organization South-East Asia is working with Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, See also Kei Nemoto, The Concepts of Dobama (Our Burma) and Thudo-Bama (Their Burma) in Burmese Nationalism, 1930-1948, Journal of Burma Studies, vol. See, for example, Burma Army Soldiers Rape Teenager in Kachin State as Attacks Continue, Free Burma Rangers, 29 December 2018; and Burma Army Soldiers Murder Kachin Man and Continue Attacks in Northern Burma, Free Burma Rangers, 27 March 2018. [fn]Chin political party warns against labelling of Khumi as ethnic Rakhine, Khonumthung News, 30 January 2020.Hide Footnote. Now those other ethnic armed groups dont dare do anything bad to the Shanni, because they realise there will be consequences, said one activist. Features include 52 Places and The World Through a Lens. Crisis Group telephone interviews, Khumi activist and Mro administrators, June 2020. The Burma Road was built to China during World War II. Kubota, 26, was detained in July near an anti-junta rally in Yangon along with two Myanmar citizens and jailed for 10 years. The last Red Flag forces were defeated in the late 1970s, and the Communist Party of Arakan was finally dissolved in 2004. A. cit. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. Countless Billions of Earth Day Participants Everywhere. For a recent example, see President U Win Myint addresses teacher candidates of national races university, Global New Light of Myanmar, 3 October 2019, p. 1. He thanked the Australian government, activists and Turnells friends and colleagues who had lobbied for his release and said he was looking forward to him returning home to Sydney. Hide Footnote Because we have a local militia, we have some protection. [38] Beijing also funds road construction linking Yangon and Sittwe, providing the shortest route to the Indian Ocean from southern China. An example of the map accompanies the article, Without territory, the Shanni armys difficult path to recognition, The Irrawaddy, 8 April 2019. After the Arakan Army then tried to detain his family, he eventually fled with them to Yangon in early 2020. cit.Hide Footnote Given his focus on the unity of the masses as the way to achieve collective benefits, his tenure might have been a moment when the country moved away from ethnicity being politically central. Given their limited resources, they would require some form of external support to do so. [fn]The misrule of Inle Lake, Frontier Myanmar, 20 December 2018.Hide Footnote The leading role of larger ethnic groups in the economy fuels a sense that at least some minorities are missing out on the benefits of economic reforms and reinforces the competitive dynamic among ethnic groups. The imprisonment of the foreign nationals had been a source of friction between Myanmars leaders and their home governments, which had been lobbying for their release. Hide Footnote It has rarely had difficulty finding groups willing to play this proxy role. Reuters.com is your online source for the latest Asia news stories and current events, ensuring our readers up to date with any breaking news developments Most of those detained are being held on the incitement charge for allegedly causing fear, spreading false news, or agitating against a government employee. [34], There have been reports of over 7000 Burmese women and girls being sold for sexual slavery in China, where they are sold as "brides". Please increase the size of your window. 11. Naga territorial expansion urge and Shanni rejection, Shan Herald Agency for News, 19 February 2020.Hide Footnote, The Shanni, who usually occupy lowland areas, have a history of conflict with the Kachin, who have traditionally lived in the hills. For a detailed assessment of militias, see John Buchanan, Militias in Myanmar, The Asia Foundation, July 2016. So China hoped that both sides immediately begun to negotiate the exchange of diplomatic envoys. It may be the date of independence, of becoming a republic, of becoming a federation, or a significant date for a patron saint or a ruler Myanmar: 4 January: Independence from the British Empire in 1948 9 December 2022. 28 February is Rare Disease Day . The Panthay are a Muslim group of Central Asian ancestry who have lived and traded in Yunnan as well as northern Myanmar for several hundred years; their numbers in Myanmar increased when many fled China in the mid-19th century as a result of Manchu oppression. The sanctions can be either comprehensive or selective, using the blocking of assets and trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals. The aim should not be to suppress social and cultural expressions of identity, but rather to remove ethnicity as a central determinant of citizenship and other rights and legal protections, and to reduce its dominant role in party politics. cit., p. 14.Hide Footnote Yet this amateurish list drawing on dubious 100-year-old colonial sources continues to be the basis for determining citizenship, the franchise and other rights in contemporary Myanmar, with potentially deadly consequences. This report, however, continues to use the former name, which is more widely recognised.Hide Footnote If the tiger has no fangs, the animals will not be afraid of it. Citizenship should be delinked from ethnicity by amending the 1982 Citizenship Law as well as removing ethnic and religious identifiers on national identity cards and other government documents. The Tatmadaw has never attempted to permanently control much of the rural periphery, or be the guarantor of security, instead preferring to back armed proxies to keep a semblance of stability. [3], In July 2019, UN ambassadors from 50 countries, including Myanmar, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region. In another report, it was stated that Myanmar's junta is trying to improve relations with the United States through the employment of a former Israeli military intelligence official. See The drug menace and the Tatmadaws mission, op. Burman (or Bamar) denotes the majority ethnic group in Myanmar, whereas Burmese (or Myanma) refers to all the countrys people. Bowman, 56, a former British ambassador to Myanmar who had been running a business consultancy, was arrested with her husband, a Myanmar national, in Yangon in August. This dynamic is evident along the Bhamo-Myitkyina road, where there are deserted, overgrown Kachin villages interspersed with thriving but heavily guarded Shanni settlements. Chin political party warns against labelling of Khumi as ethnic Rakhine, Khonumthung News, 30 January 2020. If there was no armed group, there would be no problem, said one politician. The Commission is composed of the College of Commissioners from 27 EU countries. Increasing trade and military cooperation with India and developing bilateral relations with Japan and within the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) shows a shift in Myanmar's foreign policy to avoid excessive dependence on China. The problem calls for dialogue and deep reform, but meanwhile authorities can take smaller steps to indicate their positive intent. [54] Nonetheless, Chinese factories in the country were set ablaze as Burmese protesters did not trust China's response, leaving 39 people dead on 15 March; the Chinese embassy in Myanmar later responded by condemning the arson attacks, but was ridiculed by the protesters for not offering any sympathy to the protest movement. HIV-AIDS: WHO Myanmar World AIDS Day special factsheet (1 December 2020) HIV-AIDS: WHO Myanmar World AIDS Day special factsheet (1 December 2020) in Myanmar language. Tens of thousands joined demonstrations in Sagaing Region the following month and in Kachin State in October 2016. 32, no. As a result, ethnically diverse areas of the country such as northern Shan State today have a patchwork of ethnicity-based armed groups, each fighting both for their communal rights and to protect their own economic rents. Many are also key actors in the illicit economy. The most politically and numerically dominant ethnic groups have their own eponymous states (see Section II.B above) and the constitution grants six other ethnic groups with geographically concentrated populations their own self-administered areas. [29][30], In 2015, Amnesty International discovered that a waste leak from the Letpadaung Copper Mine had run into nearby fields, severely contaminating it. Since the British withdrawal 70 years ago, governments in Rangoon/Naypyitaw, Dhaka and New Delhi have struggled to bring the region under state control. Many people in Myanmar take numerology seriously, and successive government leaders have believed particular numbers to be auspicious for Ne Win and some of his successors, it was nine, something he took to extremes when he issued currency notes in denominations of 45 and 90. [fn]The Khumi are closely related to the Khami (whose language is also known as Eastern Khumi). Its even much more comfortable than wearing pants. If I kept staying there, they would have killed me one day Im sure of it. Im very proud of him, she said. Burmese womens traditional clothes are Thummy. The Arakan Army has proven far more effective on the battlefield than any previous group in western Myanmar. The UN and bilateral donors that funded and provided technical assistance to the count ignored repeated warnings that their insistence upon including a question on ethnicity, framed as a determinate choice from the problematic list of 135 categories, was dangerous. 3 (2017).Hide Footnote. Ferguson, op. [fn]See, for example, Naga zone expansion plan sparks protests, petitions, Myanmar Times, 2 February 2015; Mon push for regional minister in Tanintharyi government, Myanmar Times, 9 February 2015; and Shan in Karen State have someone to help them, The Irrawaddy, 8 July 2019.Hide Footnote. [fn]This point has also been made by David I. Steinberg, Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford, 2010), p. 20.Hide Footnote This narrative also obscures the extent of contemporary Burman racism and discrimination against minorities, thus avoiding the national reckoning with this reality that is essential to building a more tolerant country and achieving a sustainable end to conflict. The head wrapped a white turban with a protruding corner sharp like the leaves. But citizenship and protection under the bill of rights should not be predicated on membership in particular ethnic categories, ethnicity should be delinked from territory, and politics and the peace process must become venues for resolving grievances and charting a more peaceful future, rather than cementing arbitrary ethnic categories and encouraging zero-sum competition between different groups. This unchecked migration led to enormous social tensions, with anti-immigrant riots in 1930 and 1938 that left hundreds of Indians dead. This law maintains the designation of indigenous races from the 1948 law (again without any enumeration), but is more restrictive by introducing three tiers of citizenship affording different entitlements citizen by birth or descent, associate citizen and naturalised citizen. [fn]Although figures for displacement by ethnicity are not available, officially 8,323 people had been displaced in Paletwa township alone as of 5 August 2020, the majority of them ethnic Khumi. Crisis Group telephone interview, SNA senior official, June 2020. India and Myanmar have explored the possibility of trade in national currencies and establishing direct maritime connectivity when Foreign Secretary Vinay Kwatra called on PM and junta Senior General Min Aung Hlaing in Nay Pyi Taw. [17] Relations began to improve significantly in the 1970s. Therefore, tourists will certainly have the feeling that everything is so simple, peaceful and they are always welcomed by friendly and sincere Myanmar people. Three former ministers from Suu Kyis ousted government and detained US-Myanmar citizen Kyaw Htay Oo would also be released, the junta official said. [fn]Crisis Group telephone interviews, Chin and Khumi activists and Mro administrators, June 2020; Mro activist, July 2020.Hide Footnote Although they do not necessarily trust the Tatmadaw, interviewees said they feel somewhat safer when in the presence of government soldiers who can deter the Arakan Army. cit., p. 10.Hide Footnote To bring cohesiveness to the fractured nation, he also created the (false) idea of a pre-colonial Myanmar nation where all the indigenous races had been united in a common purpose, through weal and woe a narrative that continues to feature prominently in many government leaders speeches. The sanctions can be either comprehensive or selective, using the blocking of assets and trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals. Our year-round series brings together experts, activists, and leaders to discuss a better world. Climate Change & Health with Covid19 update, 10 September 2020. Share your colours Download materials. Department Reports and Publications Agency Financial Reports Human Rights Day Antony J. Blinken December 9, 2022. Myanmar to release 4 foreigners as part of a broad prisoner amnesty Myanmar's Myanmar media says the releases are part of a broader amnesty of thousands to mark the country's National Day. The challenge is great because ethnic identities are strongly held and often seen as a defence against the policies of forced assimilation and Burmanisation pursued under the military regime. No disagreement with or lack of appreciation for the views of these communities is intended.Hide Footnote. Domestic and international observers, however, agreed that the results were representative of the public will. [fn]Crisis Group telephone interviews, Khumi activist and Mro administrators, June 2020.Hide Footnote, Some, particularly among the Mro and Khumi, argue that the only way to protect their communities is to establish their own armed group. The National Farmers Day is an intrernational annual event that offers the much-deserved praise to the hard-working farmers across nations. Crisis Group telephone interview, ethnic Chin activist, June 2020. Crisis Group telephone interview, Kachin researcher, July 2020. She was given a one-year prison term in September by the prison count for failing to register her residence. When the seats were designated in 2010, several ethnic communities cried foul due to the lack of transparency about what population estimates were used there are no reliable datasets in the public domain and this problematic selection of seats was not reviewed ahead of either the 2015 or 2020 polls. Take a pledge. Voters who were expecting more NLD reforms saw the country being taken back to military rule. Increasingly, ethnic leaders are responding to perceived economic marginalisation by forming business associations to push for greater economic opportunities for their groups. [59][60] Despite these statements, China has been, alongside Russia, frequently vetoing any UN resolutions condemning the increasing brutality of the Burmese military junta for fear of additional sanctions that would hurt the region economically. [fn]The drug menace and the Tatmadaws mission, op. Although the Arakan Armys leadership publicly stresses the groups respect for all ethnic groups in Rakhine and human rights more broadly, the lived experience on the ground is often quite different. Inter-ethnic relations have become dominated by zero-sum thinking that hardens ethnic divides and drives the proliferation of armed groups, with deadly consequences. How can people work or play sports with that kind of skirt? With so many different ethnic armed groups, and with the state and Tatmadaw unable to provide security in much of the periphery, many ethnic communities have raised armed militias not out of choice but out of necessity to protect themselves from rival ethnic communities. An Uncertain Fate for Upland People in Rakhine State. cit. Ibid. See also ibid. In 2015, she led her National League for Democracy (NLD) to victory in Myanmar's first openly contested election in 25 years. The Commission is composed of the College of Commissioners from 27 EU countries. [fn]Crisis Group telephone interviews, Mro village administrators and Chin activist, June 2020.Hide Footnote. When and Where Myanmar People Wear Traditional Clothes. Ideally, ethnic states would not be identified with or named after particular ethnic groups. China is the most important supplier of military aid and maintains extensive strategic and military cooperation. Politicians and policymakers are constrained due to both cultural and political factors. Olympic Solidarity redistributes the share of the broadcast rights from the Olympic Games through programmes offered to all 206 National Olympic Committees. [fn]Ibid.Hide Footnote The group also worries that the local Kachin population is left without protection, with one leader saying: Our local peoples lives have no value anymore; they could be killed at any time. Peace conference delagate Ah Moe Si (L) with other Lisu ethnic group members from upper Kachin State, wearing a round black studded hat - symbol of solidarity- of the Lisu people pose for a photo on August 31, 2016. President U Win Myint, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and her ministers were jailed and the results canceled. This step would help reduce the zero-sum dynamic among minority groups. On 3 February, China and Russia blocked the United Nations Security Council from issuing a statement condemning the military for fear of additional economic sanctions. This clause gives the president the power to select the chief minister of each state and region regardless of the composition of the state or region parliament. Reuters.com is your online source for the latest Asia news stories and current events, ensuring our readers up to date with any breaking news developments [14], In late April 1950, Burma's negotiator U Phyo arrived in Beijing. What about the Kaman, another Muslim minority in Rakhine State, descended from former palace bodyguards including Afghan archers? Press Statement. A National Day is a day on which celebrations mark the nationhood of a nation or state. cit., Section III; Tom Allard, A Reuters special report: The hunt for Asias El Chapo, Reuters, 14 October 2019. The states named after ethnic groups, self-administered areas and ethnic minister positions also reinforce a widely held notion in Myanmar that ethnic groups are attached to a specific piece of territory; the reality, however, is one of fluid, overlapping habitation of land. These Shanni militias are distinct from other more established Tatmadaw-backed militias in Kachin State, such as the ethnic Rawang Rebellion Resistance Force and the Lasang Awng Wa Peace Group, which broke away from the KIO. The one and only Dame Judi Denchs birthday (1934) Inform me. In the early post-independence period, conflicts between the state and non-state armed groups revolved partly around minority grievances and partly around competition among different communist and socialist ideological visions for the country. But since the collapse of the Communist Party of Burma insurgency in 1989, virtually all armed groups have identified with a particular ethnic group. See also Myanmars military and its proxy armies, Bangkok Post, 7 February 2016. World Health Organization South-East Asia is working with Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, This change will require reform of the 1982 Citizenship Law, with the removal of references to indigenous races. Number of statues to display traditional costumes of national races to be increased, Myawaddy in English, 17 July 2020. [fn]Crisis Group Briefing, An Avoidable War: Politics and Armed Conflict in Myanmars Rakhine State, op. "[44] China had urged Myanmar to ensure the stability of the border area and protect the interests of its citizens in Myanmar. Squiz The Day. Like the militias in Kachin State, the SNA provides protection from other armed groups, in this case the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang and Indian groups that operate along the border, such as the United National Liberation Front and Peoples Liberation Army of Manipur. The Tatmadaw has cultivated the Shanni as an ally and armed a militia force, a tactic it has employed widely in other parts of the country (see Section IV.A above). Ties between Myanmar and its former colonial ruler Britain have soured since the militarys takeover, with the junta this year criticising the UKs recent downgrading of its mission there as unacceptable. [fn]Crisis Group telephone interview, Mro village administrator, June 2020.Hide Footnote A friend who was administrator of another Mro village in Buthidaung was murdered, and the administrator believes he would have suffered the same fate if he had not left. Smaller minority groups typically find it difficult to compete with external investors be they foreigners or Myanmar nationals from outside the area with more business knowledge and access to capital. But, it is true that old style is the best as it has comfort of the old tube-shaped cylinder still be worn by both male and female. See 2008 Constitution, Sections 21, 34, 38, 347-360, 364-376 and 380-381.Hide Footnote, There has never been a transparent process or seemingly any meaningful process at all by which the post-independence state decided which groups met the criteria for being indigenous and which did not. See also Ethnicity without Meaning, Data without Context: The 2014 Census, Identity and Citizenship in Burma/Myanmar, Transnational Institute, February 2014. 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