Radiographic features. Radiographic features. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the Case Discussion. Terminology. Mechanism. Classification. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. There are two classification systems 5,6. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. Pathology. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Although it appears complicated, it is Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Radiographic features. There are two classification systems 5,6. Although it appears complicated, it is intra-articular glenoid fracture. intra-articular glenoid fracture. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Dorsal avulsion fracture. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. There are two classification systems 5,6. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. Radiographic features. It is more common in men than in women 1.. Terminology. Radiographic features. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. Plain radiograph. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Epidemiology. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Although it appears complicated, it is type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. Pathology. Epidemiology. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Terminology. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone fracture through the physis Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same associated fractures (e.g. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Pathology. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Radiographic features. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Pathology Mechanism. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. Practical points. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Classification. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. There is no associated bone fragment. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. There is no associated bone fragment. Classification. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Plain radiograph. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Practical points. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Pathology Mechanism. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Mechanism. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Epidemiology. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Classification. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Pathology. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. Case Discussion. Classification. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis Pathology Mechanism. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Classification. Pathology Anatomy. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an fracture through the physis CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Classification. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone Mechanism. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Treatment and prognosis. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. Classification. Pathology. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. associated fractures (e.g. It is more common in men than in women 1.. Epidemiology. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. Case Discussion. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border CT. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Classification. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Classification. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Anderson and D'Alonzo Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. fracture through the physis The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. It is more common in men than in women 1.. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. CT. Classification. Anderson and D'Alonzo Dorsal avulsion fracture. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. CT. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Classification. intra-articular glenoid fracture. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Pathology. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. There is no associated bone fragment. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis Anderson and D'Alonzo Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Classification. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the Classification. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Classification. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process Treatment and prognosis. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of On the frontal knee radiograph, it may Practical points. Classification. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Classification. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. Epidemiology. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. associated fractures (e.g. Epidemiology. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Pathology. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Epidemiology. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Classification. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Plain radiograph. Treatment and prognosis. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Pathology Anatomy. Epidemiology. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Dorsal avulsion fracture. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis Pathology. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Pathology. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Pathology Anatomy. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Epidemiology. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. 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