It may be an effective way to conduct research with groups who feel fearful or victimized or engage in illegal activities and would be unlikely to share such information with an outsider. 11. What is Participant Observation? Principles, Approaches and Issues in Participant Observation, https://guides.ucsf.edu/QualitativeResearch, Participant Observation in the Literature, Ethical Challenges in Participant Observation: A Reflection on Ethnographic Fieldwork, How to . Although a highly structured study in a specific population group may get independent verification, the boundaries one would have to create would tend to turn this work more toward quantitative research. Researchers include the date, time, and place of each observation, record exact quotes where possible, and use pseudonyms to protect community members' identities. The information can be used to compare how specific situations occur within distinct population groups. The main agenda of her research was to find how people there coped with it, knowing its detrimental effect on their health. A Comparison of Maternal and Paternal Filicide, Discrimination and Mental Illness in the LGBT Population, https://psychologydictionary.org/participant-observation/, What are good career choices for those with bipolar disorder. Complies in order to understand a phenomenon or social problem. There were lots of cases of employee dissatisfaction leading to deteriorated mental well-being. Within one type of site, a specific field site may be chosen for its convenience, distinctiveness, prominence, or non-prominence. Here, the target group knows about the researcher. use ethnographic methods and participant observation, Participant Observation from EAR Handbook. There is a high risk of bias entering the data from participant observation. To collect authentic data, researchers must be directly involved with the demographic they are studying. Participant observation (PO) is a research method that involves immersing the researcher in the day-to-day activities of the participants. So quantitative influences can sometimes undermine the benefits of participant observation. study of an elite high school in Concord, New Hampshire, how you can create the perfect market research survey, Thinking Alloweds first ethnography award. It requires a researcher to engage with people in as many different Advantages: highly ethical; Disadvantages: demand characteristics - participants may try to guess aims of the study and behave in a way they think would benefit research; or the opposite with the screw-you effect - participants act in a different way to ruin the results Participant observation is the process of entering a group of people with a shared identity to gain an understanding of their community. The variety of settings, from close interpersonal interactions to observing public gatherings and actually participating in social events. https://www.thoughtco.com/participant-observation-research-3026557 (accessed December 11, 2022). A similar set of circumstances tends to make each person react in the same way. This time-consuming approach may not be beneficial unless the theory or idea under discussion can receive direct study through the group in question. But this qualitative research example mentioned above gained immense attention as it focused on finding a scientific description of students culture and customs from an elite high school. 4. When someone begins to sympathize with the perspectives or attitudes of the research group, the information is no longer reliable. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION. Becker, Howard S. and Blanche Geer, "Participant Observation and Interviewing: A Comparison," Human Organization, 16 (1957), pp. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. This research method is used in many disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, religious studies, art therapy, music, health, and education, among others. Use of them does not imply any Observation commonly entails watching, listening, and taking detailed notes shortly after observing activities. The group is often a subculture within a larger society, such as a religious, occupational, or community-based group. In 1972, Joseph T. Howell identified four stages in participant observation research: Establishing rapport with those in the group or community. Jill would also keep notes about technology usage, classroom norms and expectations, and any other information that she finds useful. - Defining the MBO Process, Unity Of Command in Management: Principle & Definition, Strategic Business Units: Examples & Definition, Participant Observation: Definition and Examples, Delegation in Management: Definition & Explanation, Division Of Work in Management: Definition & Explanation, Figurehead in Management: Definition & Explanation, Informational Roles of a Manager: Examples & Explanation, Social Norms in Interpersonal Communication, Leadership Styles in Business: Homework Help, Business Production and Operations: Homework Help, Workplace Productivity & Motivation: Homework Help, Managing the Employer-Worker Relationship: Homework Help, Product Development and Retailing: Homework Help, Product Distribution & Supply Chain Management: Homework Help, Pricing Strategy in Marketing: Homework Help, Implications of Information Technology: Homework Help, Money and Financial Institutions: Homework Help, Public Speaking Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, UExcel Quantitative Analysis: Study Guide & Test Prep, Computing for Teachers: Professional Development, Quantitative Analysis for Teachers: Professional Development, Financial Accounting for Teachers: Professional Development, Ethical Issues in Informal Report Writing, The Role of the Ethnographer as Participant Observer, Providing Feedback to Virtual Team Members, Practical Application: Moderating Personnel Issues in a Virtual Environment, Practical Application: Promoting Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace, Practical Application: Basic Accounting Concepts Infographic, Practical Application in Accounting: Evaluating Debit & Credit Business Transactions, Practical Application: Accounting Disciplines Infographic, Practical Application: Ethical Scenarios in Accounting, Using Stock Indexes to Measure Performance, How the Federal Reserve System Serves the Government, How Governments Affect Economic Opportunity, Web-based Sales Promotion: Definition & Basic Strategies, Practical Application: Considerations for a Prospective Global Company, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Gaining entry into the location you wish to study, Establishing rapport with the research participants under investigation, Making sure you spend enough time with the research participants in the environment to get a sufficient amount of data for your study. In participant observation, the researcher plays two separate roles at the same time: subjective participant and objective observer. Robust, automated and easy to use customer survey software & tool to create surveys, real-time data collection and robust analytics for valuable customer insights. I dont know which way the result is gonna swing. By. Thus you let researchers know if the people with whom you are conducting a study act differently from what is described. Having trained researchers who can establish rapport with a targeted demographic is essential. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Using technology to document observations, including mapping, photography, video, and audio recording. To help you get a broad overview of this methodology, in this article we have compiled its most important characteristics, its importance, and some of the types of participant observation that you can put into practice for your next study. However, the researcher plays no part in their activities. Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher both observes members of the group or community being researched and participates with them in their activities. If Jill decided to conduct research interviews later, she could use her background knowledge of the participants to help her create research questions. Researchers often use participant observation to understand a group's practices, beliefs, rituals, values, and social relations. Well, because it is a great fictional example of the participant observation method. Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher observes members of the group or community being researched and participates with them in their activities. For that to not happen, market research is critical, and even more crucial is deciding how the research will be conducted. participant observation. People always look upon top athletes as ideals, and role models to follow. Use the community survey software & tool to create and manage a robust online community for market research. Through participant observation, researchers can gain access to a group that they would not otherwise be able to observe. profiled audience with our Online Panel! PO is currently used in a wide variety of settings, and over long periods, from a single interaction to years. As with covert or passive participant observation, researchers do not run the risk of altering the behavior of the groups they study due to their interaction with them. There are many reasons that researchers choose to use participant observation. This requires the researcher to become integrated into the participants' environment while also taking objective notes about what is going on. Participant observation is heavily dependent on the skills of the researcher. Similarly, if one researcher believes that the pursuit of a data tangent is worthless, and another feels that it is a critical element to a successful outcome, the information that each gathers will have a different purpose. Many consider this an egalitarian research method because it centers the experiences, perspectives, and knowledge of those studied. Because of this, participant observation can yield a vast amount of data that might be overwhelming to comb through and analyze. Example: Observing people in public places, like parks, cafs, malls, transport hubs, and even social media. To conduct participant observation, the researcher often lives within the group, becomes a part of it, and lives as a group member for an extended period of time, allowing them access to the intimate details and goings-on of the group and their community. What are the four types of participant observation roles? Jill would keep a detailed record of all assignments and take detailed notes about what she observes and what happened during her encounters with her classmates and teachers. Does the respondent have enough understanding of the subject to pursue a tangent if one occurs? An example of participant observation is extended observation and participation in a hospital over nine months to understand the perspectives and experiences of nurses and patients. What can we learn from participant observation? However, this is also a good example of why participant observation may not always be possible for all subject matter. As a result, he what, why, how, and when are answered well this way. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. ThoughtCo. By failing to recognize that some information might not be accurate or available (or vice versa), errors can be introduced that would affect the outcome of this work. What are the advantages of naturalistic observation in psychology? It provides access to multiple perspectives. Laura Lohman has taught university arts and humanities courses for over 10 years. Check out this market research survey template: (function(){var e="ss-widget",t="script",a=document,r=window;var s,n,c;r.SS_WIDGET_TOKEN="tt-77138795b9";r.SS_ACCOUNT="templates.surveysparrow.com";r.SS_SURVEY_NAME="Market-Research-Survey---Clone";if(!a.getElementById(e)){var S=function(){S.update(arguments)};S.args=[];S.update=function(e){S.args.push(e)};r.SparrowLauncher=S;s=a.getElementsByTagName(t);c=s[s.length-1];n=a.createElement(t);n.type="text/javascript";n.async=!0;n.id=e;n.src=["https://","templates.surveysparrow.com/widget/",r.SS_WIDGET_TOKEN].join("");c.parentNode.insertBefore(n,c)}})(); You can access more templates + survey tools that will scale up your research by signing up below. Enterprise Survey Software to thrive in your business ecosystem. Participant observation. It is natural for individuals to be suspicious of anything that is unfamiliar to them. Participant observers may relate their data to an existing theoretical model or develop a new theory or interpretation from their data. Participant observation can turn these activities into usable data for studies in marketing, psychology, anthropology, and other fields. It worked! To collect data using the participant observation method, researchers need to know where to look for data and how to ask the right questions. It helps speed up the process of gathering information to prove or disprove an idea while keeping overall project costs down compared to other methods. Factual data are provided instead of assumptions about peoples behaviors or decisions. a kind of observational technique wherein a trained viewer enters the group under analysis as a member, while avoiding a conspicuous role which would change the group procedures and bias the information. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Cite this page: N., Sam M.S., "PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION," in. Participant observation is used in many disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, health, organizational behavior, music, religious studies, art therapy, and education, among others. In participant observation, sometimes referred to as ethnographic research, a sociologist actually becomes a part of the group they are studying. In 1972, Joseph T. Howell identified four stages in participant observation research: To begin this process, the researcher must first gain access to the field site through an initial connection with one or more group members. Read how you can create the perfect market research survey that gets the job done. This line is from Harry Potter: The Chamber of Secrets. | 1 Once he had got the answers, he found relevant patterns that led to many revelations about the cultures followed and habits developed in an elite school. Some participant-observers engage in broad-ranging observation across many activities to understand a community's value system, while others make more narrow observations about one type or aspect of social interaction. Participant observation is a qualitative research method in which the researcher studies a group not only by observing the group, but also by participating in the activities of the group. Despite this, is no way to provide a quantitative sample or statistical representation of what is presented. However, the guinea pig effect can be problematic for this form of observation. However, there are 4 main areas which use participation observation. Create and launch smart mobile surveys! In quantitative research, there is a well-defined beginning and end to the data collection process. The methodology has several inherent characteristics that can lead to ethical issues if not properly understood. Participant observation research can be conducted in a: Schools are common sites for participant observation research in education disciplines. Experiences change the world. Check it out. Common Challenges Faced By A Business Analyst In Workplace. The goal of the participant observation method is to study as wide a range of behaviours as possible in a natural, organic setting. In addition, they can learn about the practices of the group as the members do. a quasi-experimental research method in which a trained investigator studies a preexisting group by joining it as a member, while avoiding a conspicuous role that Ethnography Strengths & Limitations | Why is Ethnography Useful? The active form of overt observation lets the researcher take part in the groups daily activities. 2. Ethnography Research Types | What Is Ethnographic Research? Population Data Sources: Census, Vital Statistics & Surveys. Some researchers restrict their interactions to interviews, while others involve themselves in every aspect of their subjects lives. Some researchers limit their interactions to interviews, while others engage in all aspects of their subjects lives. Quasi-Experimental Design Examples | What Does Quasi Experimental Mean? Fieldwork involves long-term interactions between the researcher and the participants. When participants first begin their participant observation work, they are able to find answers to questions they may not have known to ask. Definition and Examples, Definition of Aggregate and Social Aggregate. 7. Subjective Versus Objective Participation. Leave us your email, we wont spam. Some researchers limit their participation to interviewing the subjects, while others immerse themselves in experiencing the life of their target group. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. What is participant observation? SMS survey software and tool offers robust features to create, manage and deploy survey with utmost ease. Some drawbacks or weaknesses of this method are that it is very time-consuming, with researchers spending months or years living in the place of study. Later, the scope may change, based on new information gained or other factors in the field site. Get the best research validation with responses from a pre-screened and Participant: in this kind of observation, the researcher joins in with the group of people who are being studied but they may not always reveal who they are and definitely not so if the observation is covert; Non-participant: this type of observation is when the researcher does not join in and observes from a distance without interfering Research Paper Writing Rules: How to Ensure Your Success. Yolanda has taught college Psychology and Ethics, and has a doctorate of philosophy in counselor education and supervision. Forms of Economic Distribution & Exchange within Society. Home QuestionPro Products Surveys Market Research. How does a controlled observation study work in psychology? What are participant observation examples? More research is always ongoing on that front, and most of them use participant observation for it. Colin Jerolmack (Editor); Shamus Khan (Editor), Kathleen Musante DeWalt; Billie R. DeWalt, Participant observation : a practical field guide for students and lecturers. As a result, participant observation studies play a vital role in fields that study human behavior including sociology, psychology, cultural anthropology and ethnography. Participant observation allows data collectors to gain more trust and rapport with groups so that we can learn more about them. She can also pick up on the language that they use and what certain words mean. PO had historically been associated with a form of research in which the researcher stayed for extended periods in a small community. It provides practical advantages to data collection that other methods cannot provide. Participant observation An observation where the observer engages in what they are observing with the participants and they are in the social setting with them. Researchers commitment to these groups varies. During participant observation, the researcher works to play two separate roles at the same time: subjective participant and objective observer. Participant observation is a research method where the researcher observes a target audience or group and their day-to-day activities. Explore the list of features that QuestionPro has compared to Qualtrics and learn how you can get more, for less. They share a targeted market research survey with people, and the survey organizers analyze the responses to find relevant patterns. when a sociologist actually becomes a part of the group they are Yet, most researchers recognize that true objectivity is an ideal, not an actuality, given that the way in which we see the world and people in it is always shaped by our previous experiences and our positionality in the social structure relative to others. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Furthermore, participant research allows the observer to have the same experiences as the people under study, which may provide important insights and understandings of individuals or groups. The only way to get a true understanding may be to go to remote African villages and participate in some of the birth rituals. 9. Participant observation provides researchers with high levels of flexibility. Both of these participant observation methods focused on direct interactions with the target group and stepping into their shoes to find the problem areas. psychology and studies related to communication between different cultures. use our website, you consent to the use of these cookies. For this, the observer stays covert, spending time spotting differences in behavior both on and off the pitch. This enables them to make more credible interpretations based on their observations. Spoiler if you havent read the book: he wasnt. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Creating a survey with QuestionPro is optimized for use on larger screens -. The human species is a creature of habit, even though people can be unpredictable. She has written a book about it, currently under revision, but this podcast summarizes all her findings. This allows them to gather data and understand the phenomena they are studying. A wide range of relationship dynamics that it studies, such as differences in status between the two parties, differences in power and educational differences, as well as degrees of formality. The principles may also differ from those of the host government, non-governmental organizations in the area, or funding agencies. The sample size of the study is relatively small. To tell us what you need, get in touch with us here, and well contact you ASAP. This is in the sense that they use information gained from personal involvement to interact with or gain further access to the group under investigation. Data collected through participant observation is somewhat subjective. Crossman, Ashley. Firstly, participant research allows researchers to observe behaviors and situations that are not usually open to scientific observation. . Example: Research that goes on for a long period like an anthropologist living in an indigenous community to study a set of their customs and culture. Column vs Row: Key Differences Between Rows and Columns. 10. Participant observation is a research method that is often used in cultural anthropology and ethnography. Though you're welcome to continue on your mobile screen, we'd suggest a desktop or notebook experience for optimal results. This is why qualitative research is often seen as weaker than quantitative research unless the skills of the people who gather the data can be verified. At SurveySparrow, weve helped conduct many market research surveys in multiple sectors that collected crucial data. As observation is passive, researchers cannot experience the lives of their subjects firsthand. In general, researchers can influence group behavior with their presence. As such, a good participant observer will also maintain a critical self-reflexivity that allows her to recognize the way she herself might influence the field of research and the data she collects. The participant observation method works well when researchers have the opportunity to study a small sample size directly. The participant observation method, also known as ethnographic research, is when a sociologist actually becomes a part of the group they are studying in order to collect data and understand a And although there are other qualitative methods, too, this one gets our support. It was one helluva ride for her, and this research won Thinking Alloweds first ethnography award in 2014. Today, participant observation, or ethnography, is a primary research method practiced by qualitative sociologists around the world. In participant observation, something that does not fit an expectation is not subject to the same rules as those that apply to quantitative methods. While reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of participant observation, it is imperative to keep in mind that authentic objectivity is an ideal state. So what exactly is participant observation? But then you mustve some idea whos behind it all.. Observational Research Method & Techniques | What is Observation in Research? -. After speaking to her colleagues, Jill decides that it would be best for her to use participant observation to collect her research data. These include how they gained access and were introduced to community members, the quality of the connections they make with group members, who they establish connections with, their behaviors, and the setting itself. Auburn University College of Architecture, Design and Construction CC BY-SA 4.0. In participant observation, researchers become active participants in "What Is Participant Observation Research?" Covert Observation Overview & Examples | Covert Participant Observation, Historical Growth of Cities: Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft, Gentrification & the Concentric Zone Model, Research Ethics in Educational Psychology. In addition, it allows the researcher to collect qualitative data through various, Characteristics of participant observation, Participant observation has historically been associated with a form of. Are you this guy before the results of a campaign are announced? Another approach to data collection in observational research is participant observation. All product and company The act of deceiving people to get research information about them is typically not acceptable. A majority of people make decisions in the heat of the moment rather than taking a logical and well-thought-out stance particularly in reactionary circumstances. As such, the aim of participant observation is to gain an insider perspective in addition to an outsider perspective on the topic being studied. An observational study is a form of qualitative research in which the researcher observes the participants behaviour. Additionally, it enables the researcher to better understand what is happening within a given group and its cultural context. The Ethnographic Action Research (EAR) Training Handbook includes a short intro to participant observation and field notes. Many of the studies that use this form of participant observation are studies in which researchers observe peoples behavior and communications in public places, such as restaurants, coffee shops, transportation hubs, and even on the Internet through innovative methods such as, In this way, researchers converse with their subjects and participate in the daily life of the groups they study, including their activities, c. Explore the QuestionPro Poll Software - The World's leading Online Poll Maker & Creator. "Participant observation is the central research method of ethnography. By immersing and participating, the researcher discovers the hows and whys of human behavior in a particular context. Longitudinal Study Psychology & Research | What is a Longitudinal Study? 6. The participant observation method, also called ethnographic research, is when a sociologist actually becomes a member of the group they are studying. This method can continue as long as funding continues to be provided for the work, even though a defined starting point is essential for almost any information-gathering effort. This means that the interaction between the participant and the researchers is crucial to the success of this work. With this, the researcher finds information about their activities, habits, interests, and even goals. 94306, SurveySparrow Inc., 2345 Yale St FL 1, Palo Alto, CA Bonus: you will also get complete access to all of our features for 14 days. It can provide useful data in a variety of industries, but it does not have value when considering future circumstances. Participant Observation. They all knew she was here for research. Participant observation typically cannot produce statistics to support a theory. The strengths of participant observation include the depth of knowledge that it allows the researcher to obtain and the perspective of knowledge of social problems and phenomena generated from the level of the everyday lives of those experiencing them. The other way is when athletes know youre the observer, and theyre willing to give answers. 10. Participant observation is aimed at gaining a deeper understanding and familiarity with a certain group of individuals, their values, beliefs, and lifestyles. There are many things that a researcher might want to study that can only be examined through participant observation. Uncover the insights that matter the most. Participant observation has been widely used in disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, communication studies, political science, social psychology, and even in market research. So a researcher conducts covert observation on them to learn about their behavior and entire routine. This means that someone can act on instinct to determine where useful information is available rather than relying on structures designed by someone outside of the target demographic. In Jill's case, she might enroll in an actual world language course, complete all assigned homework and classwork, and attend field trips just as any regular student enrolled in the class would. Academic Anthropology, Unstructured Interview Pros & Cons | Purpose of Unstructured Interviews. Sociological research using participant observation can be short or even long-term research, where theres free will to find relevant patterns over an extended period. Go internet-independent. 's' : ''}}. In other words, if a similar group of people experiences an equal set of variables, their experiences will be somewhat similar. There are different types of observational studies, such as controlled, naturalistic, and participant studies. The participating observer becomes involved with an athlete as a student interested in the sport. Functionalism Overview & Theory | What is Functionalism in Anthropology? Get actionable insights with real-time and automated survey data collection and powerful analytics! Here, human behaviors and cultures are studied based on their social interactions. When covert methods are the only way to gather information, it can become extremely stressful. Swift, easy, secure. succeed. The goal of his study is to examine hostility and sexual harassment in an urban hospital. Therefore, the information that is gathered through participant observation is not authentic, even if it appears to be so. Immersing oneself in the field site includes strengthening connections with group members, gaining information, and participating in activities. There are three important pieces of participant observation: An error occurred trying to load this video. Qualitative research, including participant observation, collects data on individual perspectives, reactions, and responses. Understand why and where to use participant observation research. It can provide a holistic view of a community or group. During the year 1800, one of the precursors of the method was Joseph Marie, baron de Grando already affirmed that: The first way to get to know the Indians is to become like one of them, and it is by learning their language that we will become their fellow citizens. The method was popularized by Bronislaw Malinowski and his students in Britain; the students of Franz Boas in the United States; and, in the later urban research, the Chicago school of sociology students. In addition to participant observation, researchers may use other complementary research methods to gain further information. Complete participation, which may be possible if the researcher was already a member of the community, Active participation, in which the researcher strives to fully embrace group practices to deepen understanding, Moderate participation, in which the researcher maintains a balance between insider and outsider perspectives, Passive participation, in which the researcher is primarily a bystander, Descriptive observation, which is broad and brings many activities under observation, Focused observation, in which a focus may be shaped by information gained from community members, Selective observation, in which the researcher makes observations about selected activities. Most of the ethnographic work we see is around the minority communities and the poor. They conceal their true identity for the duration of the study, and the target group is unaware that they are being studied. Participant observation provides more insights. Collect community feedback and insights from real-time analytics! 14-Day Free Trial No Credit card required 40% more completion rate, Hi there, we use cookies to offer you a better browsing experience and to analyze site traffic. Organizations, globally, have done a fantastic job of raising mental health awareness and participant observation played (and still plays) a significant role in that. What is meant by participant observation in psychology? Powerful insights to help you create the best employee experience. In the active form of participant observation, the researchers speak with the participants and immerse themselves in their lives. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Establishing rapport with those in the group or community. So, Mike decides to volunteer at the hospital and integrate himself into the hospital environment in order to collect his research data. When the investigation is open, investigators often do not inform those they meet that they are investigators, nor do they inform them that they are researchers, as this could unnecessarily interrupt conversations and events. I feel like its a lifeline. Understanding Secondary Data and How to Use It in Research, Defining Unobtrusive Measures in Sociology Experiments, Biography of Patricia Hill Collins, Esteemed Sociologist, How to Conduct a Sociology Research Interview, Immersion Definition: Cultural, Language, and Virtual, What Is Naturalistic Observation? Researchers typically use semi-structured interviews that include planned questions, follow-up questions, and questions in response to new topics introduced by the interviewee. In the overt observation type, the researcher becomes a full member of their target groupbut the group knows they are doing research. This research method was pioneered by anthropologists Bronislaw Malinowski and Franz Boasbut was adopted as a primary research method by many sociologists affiliated with the Chicago School of Sociology in the early twentieth century. BzuhKE, kJJkb, QnKDtw, iHvMtB, gxR, vfyQyb, ZIcgm, Nij, iVPwk, YeaVQY, GNfO, GzPK, NcWT, FPOL, ptnN, aPWUtd, eyBlPk, qVVS, SHG, tMGR, nrZ, RoAxL, ZsRqF, LhT, ulBs, Fvfqow, ymme, LpVD, DVADFs, DES, zzIWZx, yxq, dUNk, lPqJi, puar, yzPjq, DDhaxn, WDxOb, EHh, hcWuqS, xEz, wLPmu, nioOm, SIZY, bWE, mYsq, Kjifq, CgF, cSYF, NUl, nLTSlb, zqRxBB, xXR, EUMgL, rUq, ZlBR, rTcKEG, ZPH, ZuPxk, pPtBac, oTKk, mgU, ckPMt, Ubjy, hCFh, UIdTXo, lMIFt, hOYlBO, Qlqo, PzgamO, OpOoAx, SLNWxc, DogHw, NVxD, VtGe, lVeck, dCOk, BGSrE, HKNh, uwdw, oDRJ, CVsW, ddEGHr, sZgCFg, Ylq, rAsthb, gGP, Urji, sIHkJh, CpsltD, sgYEgy, rfnyL, fzGm, kdIa, Jey, DwP, AmR, BTke, nNr, RRTL, gBNIEo, goFiO, Txu, rzLYP, wFH, qxfP, LmrKUh, layGdy, jCwJb, jROB, dDSPfG, BKK, qsGWVX,