For Sale on 1stDibs - a Mende Sowei Mask,Sierra Leone : The Sande society is exclusively a womans society responsible for the initiation of young girls into womanhood and instructing This mask has large round eyes that stand out, surrounded by circles. Carved wooden helmet mask used by the exclusively female Sande (Mende) or Bondo/Bundu (Temne) societies. The sowei mask is a "helmet mask" that is worn over the head and the rest of the dancer's body is hidden by blackened raffia fibers and cloth. The Vai are a small tribe to the east of the more numerous Mende. The second mask (2011-02-029) has a particularly large forehead and a pointed, triangular chin. Payment methods . If you find yourself shopping in Venice and come across a 'mask' that costs less than this, again, you can be sure that you're looking at an industrial knock-off. They live on the coast of Sierra Leone and in neighbouring Liberia. The Nuna people dance with this mask on market days, funerals and initiation ceremonies. The British Museum 516K subscribers Naming the Sowei mask Unique to the region around Sierra Leone, sowei masks are worn by senior members of the all-female Sande Society during. Worn with a raffia costume, the masks typically have a polished black finish, with neck rings, elaborate coiffure and dignified facial expression. The three sowei masks in the PLU collection represent the typical features of a sowei mask: the neck rings, delicate features, high foreheads, and intricate hairdos. Our disposable 3-Layer Face Mask is made of, you guessed it, three layers: an outer layer exposed to the environment, a middle layer providing most filtration, and a third layer against your face. Edit your bookmarks, and give them a new title and URL. For more, see the article on Women's Art and Initiation in Mendeland on the Art & Life in Africa website, hosted by the University of Iowa Museum of Art (UIMA) HERE. Since the masks are worn as helmets, they must be light and comfortable when resting on the dancer's shoulders. There are two separate societies within the Mende: the Poro (the mens society) and the Sande (the womens society). Twitter's new owner Elon Musk on Thursday said he plans to introduce an option to make it possible for users to determine if the company has limited how many other users can view their posts. The exception is the Sande helmet mask: although carved by men, it is worn exclusively by women. In today's world, a simple party mask found . Collection Highlights; Categories; Artists; Advanced Search 2011-02-004 The Sande society is responsible for the instruction of young girls into adulthood. The museum displayed a Sowei mask, which is worn by members of the Sande society a women's association in Sierra Leone which prepares girls for adult life. The sowei mask is one of the most important and recognizable symbols in the ceremonies of the Mende people. Worn with a raffia costume, the masks typically have a polished black finish, with neck rings, elaborate coiffure and dignified facial expression. The Sande masker, the sowei (pl. Masks play a central role in masquerades, during which the mask wearers danced accompanied by music. Each mask has an individual personality and is given a name which is revealed in a dream. She is complete with a black-dyed raffia fringe. Wood; 17 x 7 x 8 in. This week brings the launch of Augustinus Bader's super-rich cream mask, new Made In cookware and Glossier's new brown mascara for low-key makeup days. Just like the Mende, the Vai, too, have important women's associations (the 'Sande' or 'Bundu' association) with a remarkable repertoire of masks. The sowei mask is made out of wood and finished in a monochrome black color made from vegetable dye. Sande society mask (sowei) Mende, The Nguabu Master Arts of Africa CULTURE Mende ARTIST The Nguabu Master MEDIUM Wood, pigment, metal Place Made: Nguabu, Southern Province, Sierra Leone DATES late 19th-early 20th century DIMENSIONS 15 1/2 x 9 1/4 x 10 1/4 in. This has traditionally included. Collections Menu. The term also refers to the custodian of the medicinea Sande official. The Sande sowei masquerades promote and represent the images of women in specific ritual and festive contexts. Senior officials of the Sande also adopt specific roles when wearing these costumes; some frighten the audience while others serve as comic relief in the ceremony. The term also refers to the custodian of the medicinea Sande official. While dancing in the event, officials of the Sande wear sowei masks, which represent the spirit of the society. By the end of 2021, the world had generated about 8 million tons of COVID . The Mende people of Sierra Leone is unusual in having a female secret society with a masking tradition exclusively its own. Sowei refers most specifically to medicinethe kind of medicine that female healers/herbalists utilize. In accordance with state and City of Chicago guidelines, visitors to the museum are no longer required to wear masks or provide proof of vaccination, though anyone who would like to wear a mask is . The Sande mask is called Sowei and it is worn and danced by an older woman to instruct young female initiates while in seclusion outside the village. Sowei) or Bondo, is a type commissioned and worn by female members of the Gola, Temne, and Mende Sande societies in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Sign into ePass and load your saved favorites. Thus, for many women of the region, beauty is literally performed into existence through ndoli jowei (the dancing sowei or the sowei mask in performance). Published Date: 23 Mar 2015. 482.97 + 43.37 P&P. Loma Toma Mask Guinea African Art. This process occurs in the forest under the guidance of senior Sande members and Sowo or Bondo nature spirits. This mask is attributed to Manowulo, a Mende sculptor who was active from about 1935 until 1960 in the Baoma chiefdom located north of Jaiama-Bangor near the town of Bo. Disclaimer: This essay has been written and submitted by students and is not an example of our work. Browse a wide selection of sowei mask and face coverings available in various fabrics and configurations, made by a community of small business-owners. Object: Sowei Mask Materials: Wood, Vegetable, organic fibre Culture Group: Other Dimensions: 430mm [H] x 250mm [W] x 300mm [C] Production Date: Pre 1886 Associated Places: Sherbro Associated People: Thomas Joshua Alldridge (Collector) Museum: British Museum Accession Number: BM:Af.1886.1126.1 Sowei Mask Masks, headdresses Sowei Mask Finally, the third mask (2011-02-030) looks somewhat similar to the second, in its sharp chin and rounded forehead, but has an even more ornate hairstyle. Kuba cultivate corn (maize), cassava, millet, peanuts (groundnuts), and beans as staples. Label Text This mask, called Sowo (pl. The sowei mask is a helmet mask that is worn over the head and the rest of the dancers body is hidden by blackened raffia fibers and cloth. Today's world is animated by decolonization and globalization, which seeks to transform the traditional form of life. , Cite this page as: Dr. Peri Klemm, Dr. Steven Zucker and Dr. Christa Clarke, "Bundu / Sowei Helmet Mask (Mende peoples)," in, Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook, Guide to AP Art History vol. What is a Sowei? Helmet Mask for Sande Society (, https://smarthistory.org/bundu-sowei-helmet-mask/, New chapter! The mask, when danced, is a visual expression of this spirit. Ph: 504.658.4100 This mask defines a goal for young women as well as symbolizes their transition from children to . In addition to rows of braiding and horn-shaped braids, this coiffure contains intricate patterns. Used in dance by senior women of the society, the sowei mask symbolizes knowledge of feminine grace and is part of a young girl's initiation into adulthood. The Sande Society uses sowei (also called sowo) crest masks during girls' initiation rituals involving adulthood and genital mutilation. Since the masks are worn as helmets, they must be light and comfortable when resting on the dancers shoulders. In . Main Menu; . The elaborate hairstyle is a sign that the woman is a good person whose close friends helped adorn her. The mask is thought to represent conceptions of idealised womanhood. The blackened wood mask fits over the head and has a . Construction. Since the mask serves as the visual connection to the spiritual world, the officials faces and bodies are not visible, and thus conceal any human attributes. Wang Center for Global and Community Engaged Education. Each grade is made with a greater image in head and at the terminal of the procedure the mask will typify the Mende 's idealities of grace, beauty, and repose. One of the most prominent aspects of the ceremony is traditional song and dance. After hiding the tool, if you would like to re-enable it, just press CTRL+U to open this window. Find out more about your rights as a buyer and exceptions. Please note that this is an in-person event that takes place at the museum. Uses. Complex geometric carving comprises the elaborately tiered coiffure. The mask is traditionally worn by a high-ranking member of the society, the dancing sowei, known as the ndoli jowei among the Mende or a-Nowo among the Temne. One of the most important events in the society is the girls coming of age ceremony, which takes place when the girls have completed their training and have successfully entered womanhood. These masks can filter out at least 95% of airborne particles. Watercress is a cruciferous vegetable containing a high concentration of vitamins A, B, C, E and K, as well as key amino acids, minerals and other nutrients. London: Yale University Press, 1986. Members of the Sande prepare girls for adulthood. Each layer is made of high-quality polypropylene from one of the largest providers of these materials in the world. They are one of the only masquerade societies in Africa made up of all women. Creative Element of Sowei Mask. b : one who manages the sales and distribution of a newspaper within a specific county district. Soweisia, commonly referred to by the Sherbro term, bundu) is the most artistically elaborated of the Mende mask types. Scarification is occasionally utilized in the creation of sowei masks as decorative marking, based on the artists stylistic preference. New Orleans Museum of Art The mask and costume are called Sowo or Sowei after the supernatural entity which represents Sande society. The carved helmet mask is symbolic and its style distinctive. This mask, called Sowo (pl. Facebook gives people the power to share and makes the world more open and connected. Even though the masks are worn exclusively by women, they are carved by male artists. Among the Vai and the Mende, men carve the helmet masks, called 'sowei', on behalf of the women of . The arts of Africa, c. 18th20th century. Although the cultural role and general features of the Sande Society have been This process is called initiation. They have round holes for eyes, tiny noses and prominent displays . African masks are primarily carved from wood but can also be made of terracotta, glazed pottery, bronze, brass, copper, ivory or leather. Noun [ edit] sowei ( plural soweis ) A guardian spirit of a Sande society of the Mende, who is represented by a special helmet -like mask . A collection of the world's oldest masks, dating back to the dawn of civilisation, have gone on display at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. Embodied in this idea of medicine is a spiritual force. What is meant by half-mask? The mouth is also small, and tightly closed, since spirits are silent; talking is seen as an attribute of the human world. This allows you to keep your favorites for any browser you are signed into ePass. After the carving, the mask is painted and polished to a black, calendered radiance. Since the mask serves as the visual connection to the spiritual world, the officials' faces and bodies are not visible, and thus conceal any human attributes. There are three major aspects of the mask: the neck, the face, and the coiffure. This process occurs in the forest under the guidance of senior Sande members and Sowo or . This example is particularly unusual as the mask is wearing a top-hat; European top hats became a symbols of prestige among elites in the late 19th century Sierra Leone. quotations Anagrams [ edit] owies This page was last edited on 14 November 2020, at 09:17. And because the features of the masks are representative of the Mende ideals of feminine beauty, they are small and delicate. An estimated 1.6 billion disposable masks made their way into the oceans in 2020 that's more than 4 million per day. Sowei refers most specifically to medicinethe kind of medicine that female healers/herbalists utilize. The sowei mask is unique because it is danced by a woman. Helmet mask carved into a typical conical form. The mask, when danced, is a visual expression of this spirit. Remove selected bookmarks. In the 18th century, masquerades were held to celebrate special occasions in royal families, such as weddings and coronations. They must also be symmetrical and fresh looking. The way the mask is carved shows how beauty ideals are different in different cultures. But the walls of Sowei mask: the spirit of Sierra Leone speak for the mask in more ways than one: although the display focuses on this beautiful object, in the end it does little to inform the viewer of African, West African or Sierra Leonean art, its ambivalences instead leaving separation and ideas of otherness. N95 masks are also known as filtering facepiece respirators. They became particularly popular in Italy during the Renaissance but fell out of grace when the Venetian Republic collapsed in 1797. acceptable?. View about #gongoli on Facebook. Masks may represent spirits such as ancestor spirits, or an ideal. Please click this link to view samples of our professional work witten by our professional essay writers. The neck typically features two to three rings of flesh, which signify the Sandes desire for plumpness, which is a sign of wealth and prosperity. This means that the girls are eligible for marriage and motherhood. What do masquerades do? Sowei is the spirit of Sande or Bundu the Mende women's secret society. Or, move your cursor near the tool to display it. They are adorned and decorated with cloth, raffia and other plant fibres, shells, beads, found objects like porcupine quills and other natural objects, feathers, horns, paint, kaolin, nails, coloured glass. The mask is traditionally worn by a high-ranking member of the society, the dancing sowei , known as the ndoli jowei among the Mende or a-Nowo among the Temne. The sowei mask itself is carved from wood carefully with close attending to detail. Get our updates delivered directly to your inbox! The Sande Society and the Sowei Mask Political, Educational, and Gender Aspects of the Women's Society of the Mende The Sowei mask of the Sande Society is a symbol for the Mende people of Sierra Leone representing the ideals of feminine beauty, but the Sande Society also plays a key role in the nurturing, livelihood, Read More This Mende Bundu Sowei helmet, which was worn only by women, presents the main lines of the artworks of this people (narrowed and elongated eyes, delicate lips, tiny nose, expanse forehead). The Sande are a masquerade society, or a group of masked dancers. The masks typically weigh between two and four pounds. It represents the ideal beauty of a Sande woman with a high broad forehead, small facial features, a hairstyle composed of tufts and braids, neck creases, and a shiny black finish. b : one who makes, repairs, or keeps clean the roads of a mine. Sponsored. It represents ideals of female beauty such as glossy skin and fat folds at the neck, and also female power, emotion, and other womanly qualities. They must also be symmetrical and fresh looking. Click to add a custom bookmark, and give it a title and URL. Mende Sowei Mask. Can also drag/drop them to reorder how you see fit. A carved wooden helmet mask used by the exclusively female Sande (Mende) or Bondo/Bundu (Temne) societies. The sowei mask is unique because it is danced by a woman. The Sande society is responsible for the instruction of young girls into adulthood. quotations (by extension) A woman who represents a sowei by wearing a sowei mask. It is an item of personal protective equipment (PPE) designed to protect the respiratory tract from potentially harmful noxious substances. Ratings 100% (1) 1 out of 1 people found this document helpful; The mask is worn by young women during their initiations into the society. However, in a special ceremony in January 2013 members of the Sierra Leonean diaspora community in London gave the mask a new name: Gbavo, meaning 'crowd-puller' or 'to attract people's attention'. The Sande Society and the Sowei Mask Political, Educational, and Gender Aspects of the Women's Society of the Mende The Sowei mask of the Sande Society is a sym Price: to make a carnival mask out of real cartapesta, even the smallest one possible, can take hours of work and thus will never cost less than 10-12 euros. Helmet Mask (Sowei) Place Sierra Leone (Object made in) Date 1900-1950 Medium Wood Dimensions 48.3 24.8 26.7 cm (19 9 3/4 10 1/2 in.) The first of the sowei masks (2009-02-016) includes a unique attribute that the other two masks do not: scarification around the eyes. The mask represents the Mende conception of an ideal woman. This example is thought to have been carved by a carver named Pessima, who made a number of carvings for Guy Massie-Taylor, now at the Glasgow Museum and the British Museum. Sources: All rights reserved. Boone, Sylvia Ardyn. Made out of certified natural Grade A Jadeite originating from Burma, you can feel confident that the natural healing properties authentic Jade carries is present within every piece you . The round diamond shaped face sits atop a thick neck of cylindrical rings with small nose and mouth and large eyes enclosed by dark feathered brows. The female spirit depicted by the mask has small, delicate features, a wide expanse of forehead and elaborate hairstyle. The face includes downcast eyes, small ears, and a large, rounded forehead. Sierra Leone Poro: male initiation society Sande: female initiation society Helmet mask: covers the head, the rest of the body is covered with black rafia Sowei mask: mende people, Sierra Leone, 19th C-Wood, pigment, plant fiber-Worn by woman after participating in Sande to re-introduce her to society as a beautiful and well-trained woman-Also shows fertility, abundance, beauty, etc (anything . What does the helmet mask represent? This lecture is made possible by the Frank J. Mooney Memorial Fund. Over time, the creation of theater masks has become more sophisticated with improvements in technology. Los Angeles: University of California, 1995. The famous helmet masks used in Sierra Leone and neighboring Liberia and Guinea have been documented by several foreign photographers since the late 19th century, starting with the 1901 monograph by the British colonial administrator T.J. Alldridge. Denver Art Museum: Native Arts acquisition funds, 1949.4178 Dimensions height: 17 in, 43.1800 cm; width: 7 3/4 in, 19.685 cm; depth: 8 3/4 in, 22.225 cm Department Native Arts Collection African Art Known Provenance Mende, Sierra Leone: a helmet mask, called a 'Sowei mask'. World Museum Liverpool Sierra Leone Collection. This way, the leaders can fully embody the characteristics of the spirit. Original African Antique Masks, African Antique Wooden Masks, 1850-1899 African Antique Masks, The masks typically weigh between two and four pounds. This masks coiffure has multiple levels of braids, as well as larger crest braids that are horn-shaped. Around the world you can find masks made out of wood, leather, metal, fabric, paper, plastic, and rubber composites. Carli Snyder 17, History, Womens and Gender Studies. Fax: 504.658.4199. Both of these societies prepare and train young Mende people to be initiated into adulthood, but the Sande specifically teach girls the necessary skills to prepare them for becoming mothers and fulfilling the expectations of women within society. The Sande Society and the Sowei Mask Political, Educational, and Gender Aspects of the Women's Society of the Mende The Sowei mask of the Sande Society is a symbol for the Mende people of Sierra Leone representing the ideals of feminine beauty, but the Sande Society also plays a key role in the nurturing, livelihood, Read More New Orleans, Louisiana 70124 | Map Radiance From the Waters: Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Mende Art. The mask is thought to represent conceptions of idealised womanhood. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this . The chin of the first mask is not extremely developed and has two rings around the neck. Representing Woman: Sande Masquerades of the Mende of Sierra Leone. Sowei masks, unlike most African masks, are actually worn by women. Mende Helmet Mask Sowei Sande Society | Liberia | African Art. As a half mask, it does not cover the upper part of the face and therefore does not protect the eyes. The ornate mane that spreads out around the face consists of elaborately tooled leather and hair has been threaded beneath the lower lip to give the creature a beard. All of the masks have small holes around the base of the helmet, which is where the black raffia skirts were previously attached. It has a short triangular snout and decorative geometric patterns on the surface. The ceremonies of the Sande society are the only occasions in Africa in which women customarily wear masks. Main Menu; by School; by Literature Title; by Subject; Textbook Solutions Expert Tutors Earn. The spirit of Sowei represents the ideals and authority of the society, and is understood as the Sande societys teacher, healer, and judge (Boone 36). Pacific Lutheran University. African Art Collection Masks Mende Sowei Mask 3 Mende Sowei Mask 3 Artist: Unknown Mende artist Name: Sowei helmet mask Origin: Mende people of Sierra Leone Made of: Wood Dimensions: H: 15" (38 cm) W: 7" (18 cm) D: 8.6 " (22 cm) From: Gift of Dr. Oliver E. and Pamela F. Cobb, 2011 Accession no. Masks are also worn during rites of passage, such as mass circumcision of boys or during initiation into secret societies. Hanya Mask Jade Pendant. The mask represents female perfection and power and personifies women's interests. The ndoli jowei helmet mask is owned by a Sowei, the senior official of the Sande). Description Helmet mask carved into a typical conical form. The mask and its wearer offered a model of ideal behavior for new members to emulate and a demonstration of female virtues and wisdom to the larger community. Study Resources. Sowei Mask A carved wooden helmet mask used by the exclusively female Sande (Mende) or Bondo/Bundu (Temne) societies. Theatrical masks are made from different materials depending on their purpose. 1a : one who works at the building and repairing of roads and especially of logging roads. The material most commonly used to make these masks is polypropylenea type of fabric made from a "thermoplastic" polymer (meaning that it's easy to work with and shape at high temperatures). Sowei Mask vs Head of an Oba As the name indicates, the Sowei Mask was made as a mask while the Head of an Oba was made as a. The coiffure includes the masks representation of hair and other embellishments, such as the symbol of a bird or snake. Phillips, Ruth B. Kuba, also called Bakuba, a cluster of about 16 Bantu-speaking groups in southeastern Congo (Kinshasa), living between the Kasai and Sankuru rivers east of their confluence. Submit your address to receive email notifications about news and activities from NOMA. A half-mask is a type of respirator that covers only part of the face. Each mask has a special song and each dancer makes a solo. One Collins C. Diboll Circle, City Park One of the respected traditional symbols of the Mende people of the West African nation, Sierra Leone, in initiation ceremonies is the helmet or sowei mask. The mask is traditionally worn by a high-ranking member of the society, the dancing sowei , known as the ndoli jowei among the Mende or a-Nowo among the Temne. Mende Bundu Sowei mask helmet of the Mende ethnic group, which reflects the aesthetic characteristics of the indigenous women. This mask is made of wood and pigment. Blue surgical face masks are made with non-woven fabric, which has been shown to have better bacteria filtration and airflow than woven cloth. Embodied in this idea of medicine is a spiritual force. Pay in 4 interest-free installments of $62.50 with. It has a black fibre hanging. Unless otherwise specified as being ?. Bookmark your favorite pages for quick and easy navigation throughout the site. McClusky, Pam. Mende artist, Sowei Mask, late 1800s. Sowei) or Bondo, is a type commissioned and worn by female members of the Gola, Temne, and Mende Sande societies in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Although Barong masks have become popular items among foreign collectors, to the Balinese they are much more than objects of aesthetic merit. In dancing the mask, the sowei channeled the spirits of female ancestors, becoming an embodiment of mystical power, called angafa. The sowei mask is made out of wood and finished in a monochrome black color made from vegetable dye. Learn more. artistic interest. Browse a wide selection of sowei mask and face coverings available in various fabrics and configurations, made by a community of small business-owners. These reflect popular Sande attributes. The mask is both representational (a young woman) and symbolic. This particular mask also has multiple rows of braiding and cornrows and a platform that was previously used to display an amulet. They epitomize Mende ideals of feminine beauty and related moral values. World Museum Liverpool Sierra Leone Collection. . In the Mende culture, the helmet. One of our Staff or volunteers is always prepared to answer any and all inquiries. Complex geometric carving comprises the elaborately tiered coiffure. A Classy Revival. African culture is challenged to recognize the peculiarity and particularity of western structure, which segregates different cultural practices through display and realization. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. DIY Watercress Face Mask Recipe. NOTE: The Vai, Sherbro, Temne, Krim and Gola possess similar Sowei masking traditions. $250.00. The 9,000-year-old stone masks are thought to have been made to resemble the spirits of dead ancestors. The mask and its wearer offered a model of ideal behavior for new members to emulate and a demonstration of female virtues and wisdom to the larger community. This Jade piece was hand carved by master craftsmen overseas. It is also the only documented mask in Africa worn by women. This item was acquired at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London, 1886. The Mende people are, along with their smaller neighbours the Vai, Bassa and Gola, one of the few African peoples in which women own masks and perform mask dances. Sowei mask of the Sande Society. (39.4 x 23.5 x 26 cm) (show scale) COLLECTIONS Arts of Africa ACCESSION NUMBER 74.64 Making a DIY watercress face mask is a great way to provide your skin with all of the essential vitamins and minerals that it needs to stay healthy. 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N95 masks are considered the gold standard of face masks in some industries and are often used by healthcare workers to prevent transmission of infectious diseases, pathogens, and other dangerous particles. What is the oldest mask in the world? Shop our favorite new releases below . 2a : peddler, canvasser, traveling salesman. For many years the name of this mask was lost. Long Steps Never Broke a Back, In Art From Africa. In most African cultures, all masks, including those representing female characters, are danced by men. Payment details. NOMA is committed to preserving, interpreting, and enriching its collections and renowned sculpture garden; offering innovative experiences for learning and interpretation; and uniting, inspiring, and engaging diverse communities and cultures. The Sowei mask of the Sande Society is a symbol for the Mende people of Sierra Leone stand foring the ideals of feminine beauty, but the Sande Society besides plays a cardinal function in the nurturing, support, and initiation of immature adult females into grownups. Browse a wide selection of sowei mask and face coverings available in various fabrics and configurations, made by a community of small business-owners. Credit Line Through prior acquisitions of the George F. Harding Collection, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert R. Molner, and the Ada Turnbull Hertle Endowment Reference Number 1997.361 Publication History The Mende are one of the largest groups in Sierra Leone. The round diamond shaped face sits atop a thick neck of cylindrical rings with small nose and mouth and large eyes enclosed by dark feathered brows. Mende Bundu Sowei mask helmet. Where can I find updates about the Coronavirus? Used among the Mende people by the women's society 'Sande' or 'Bundu'. According to Boone, this ceremony signifies the liminal change in which the Mende girls give up their old life and begin a new one.. The Sowei Mask of the Sande Society is a symbol for the Mende people of Sierra Leone representing the ideals of feminine beauty, but the Sande Society also plays a key role in the nurturing, livelihood, and induction of young women into adults. They grow raffia and oil palms, raise corn as a cash crop, and hunt and fish. Masks representing dead ancestors play an important role in African funerals. 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