If we needed to filter on String, like select all string which has length > 2, then we would have called filter before map. Otherwise, return false. Top YouTube Channel (75K+ Subscribers): Check out my YouTube channel for free videos and courses - Java Guides YouTube Channel, My Udemy Courses - https://www.udemy.com/user/ramesh-fadatare/, Connect with me on static
Comparator> comparingByKey(Comparator cmp). acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Charset forName() method in Java with Examples, Serialization and Deserialization in Java with Example. person in each city: For example, given a stream of Person, to calculate the longest super V>> Iterator. instead. Java 9 - Stream API Improvements with Examples - In this article, we will learn what are the Stream API improvements made in Java 9 with an example. WebAPI Note: The flatMap() operation has the effect of applying a one-to-many transformation to the elements of the stream, and then flattening the resulting elements into a new stream.. As already mentioned this method returns the synchronized view of map m. The below Java 1. Most developers prefer writing functional code in this manner because, usually, theres no need to store references to intermediate Stream objects. I have chosen the valueOf() method because of the reasons I mentioned in the parseInt vs valueOf article, i.e. All you need to do is call its parallel method. The returned Collector disallows null keys and values. In simple words, the map() is used to transform one object into another by applying a function. If you are serious about improving your functional programming skills in Java and want to learn more about Java Stream API, I strongly recommend you to checkout the Learn Java Functional Programming with Lambdas & Streams course by Rang Rao Karnam on Udemy, which explains Stream fundamentals in good detail. HashMap class extends AbstractMap class and implements the Map interface. is used to convert the normal list of Array of alphabets into uppercase array of alphabets using Java 8 Stream using map stream of collections. This method returns the number of entries in the map. The map() will then return a Stream of Integer which contains both even and odd numbers. [c, d] [e, f] In the above case, the Stream#filter will filter out the entire [a, b], but we want to filter out only the character a. super V,? It inserts the specified value with the specified key in the map only if it is not already specified. P.S. Read the complete post Java 9 - There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, or serializability Java Map Hierarchy. Values sorted by increasing Different Ways to Iterate over List, Set, and Map in Java, https://www.udemy.com/user/ramesh-fadatare/, Spring Boot Restful Web Services Tutorial, Event-Driven Microservices using Spring Boot and Kafka, Spring Boot Kafka Real-World Project Tutorial, Building Real-Time REST APIs with Spring Boot, Testing Spring Boot Application with JUnit and Mockito, Spring Boot + Apache Kafka - The Quickstart Practical Guide, Spring Boot + RabbitMQ (Includes Event-Driven Microservices), Spring Boot Thymeleaf Real-Time Web Application - Blog App. supplier: creates a result container that contains result containers For that, I can use the map() method of java.util.Stream class. boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue). Therefore, its trivially easy to convert any list into a stream. GitHub, super V> action). Examples. It returns a collection-view of the map, whose elements are of this class. I am founder and author of this blog website JavaGuides, a technical blog dedicated to the Java/Java EE technologies and Full-Stack Java development. For example, consider two unmodifiable lists containing mutable elements. keys contain duplicates (according to Object.equals(Object)), To convert it into an array, you use its toArray method: At this point, you have an array of strings, all of which are in uppercase. It replaces the specified value for a specified key. Bridging Android and Java in Android Development, Getting Started with Dropwizard CRUD Operations. We have also learned how to compose operations on stream to write code that is both clear and concise. Developed by JavaTpoint. Well, it does. Java 8 Map + Filter + Collect Example. GitHub. Values sorted by increasing WebImplementation Note: In the JDK implementation, if the Java virtual machine is started with the system property java.security.manager set to the special token "disallow" then the setSecurityManager method cannot be used to set a security manager. why you use it? This function is then applied to each element of Stream to convert it into the type you want. We have seen an interesting example of how we can use the map to transform an object to another and how to use the filter to select an object-based upon condition. A Map is useful if you have to search, update or delete elements on the basis of a key. If the mapped keys Copyright 1993, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA.All rights reserved. First, we obtain a stream from the list of transactions (the data) using the stream() method available on List.Next, several operations (filter, sorted, map, collect) are chained together to form a pipeline, which can be seen as forming a query on the data.Figure 1. It returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or defaultValue if the map contains no mapping for the key. I am VMWare Certified Professional for Spring and Spring Boot 2022. Map. collectors are unordered and Collector.Characteristics.CONCURRENT if both downstream For example, if you want to find the sum of an array of integers, you can use the following code: If you want to perform more complex reduction operations, however, you must use the reduce method. The lambda expression you pass to the reduce method must be capable of handling two inputs: a partial result of the reduction operation, and the current element of the stream. The classification function maps elements to some key type K. Here is the Java program to implement whatever I have said in the above section. WebAPI Note: The flatMap() operation has the effect of applying a one-to-many transformation to the elements of the stream, and then flattening the resulting elements into a new stream.. If the specified key is not already associated with a value or is associated with null, associates it with the given non-null value. LinkedIn, For example, the following statement prints the contents of the copyTo array in the same way as in the previous example: java.util.Arrays.stream(copyTo).map(coffee -> coffee + " ").forEach(System.out::print); Its return value is a new Stream object containing the changed elements. Stream < String > myNewStream = myStream. Java Guides All rights reversed | Privacy Policy | super V,? Just like the map method, the filter method expects a lambda expression as its argument. The map() function is an intermediate function that is used to perform map functional operations in Java. For that, I can use the map() method of java.util.Stream class. package com.javadeveloperzone; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.stream.Collectors; /** * Created by Lenovo on 30 V compute(K key, BiFunction remappingFunction). WebThis is possible for Iterable.forEach() (but not reliably with Stream.forEach()).The solution is not nice, but it is possible.. The following example illustrates an aggregate operation using Stream and IntStream, computing the sum of the weights of the red widgets: int sum = widgets.stream() .filter(w -> w.getColor() == RED) Reduction operations are also called terminal operations because they are always present at the end of a chain of Stream methods. If the stream has items where Map keys are duplicate then we can use Collectors.groupingBy() to collect elements in Map> format. mapper is a stateless function which is applied to each element and the function returns the new stream. Intermediate operations return a new modified stream. WebJava Stream Example: Filtering using Stream.filter() method: List < Product > productsList = new ArrayList < Product > (); What does the Stream map() function do? The downstream collector operates on elements of type T and If you find this Java tutorial useful then please share it with your friends and colleagues. static Comparator> comparingByValue(Comparator remappingFunction). Review the following examples : 1. A map contains values on the basis of key, i.e. If any recorded super V,? super V> cmp). The following are examples of using the predefined collectors to perform WebA stream is a sequence of elements. super V,? Now, you may be thinking: how does it know to return List of Integer? super K,? Then, the map() function will do the transformation for you. Top YouTube Channel (75K+ Subscribers): Check out my YouTube channel for free videos and courses - Java Guides YouTube Channel, My Udemy Courses - https://www.udemy.com/user/ramesh-fadatare/, Connect with me on Parameters: sm - the security manager or null Throws: SecurityException - if the security manager has The keys or the values are of Object types.. A nested HashMap is Map inside a Map.The only difference between a HashMap and a nested HashMap is:. Please mail your requirement at [emailprotected] Duration: 1 week to 2 week. WebAll maps in Java implements Map interface. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. It is used to compute a new mapping given the key and its current mapped value if the value for the specified key is present and non-null. This program is an example to illustrate lists, arrays, and the components before performing the Java Stream Expressions. WebA Map is useful if you have to search, update or delete elements on the basis of a key. GitHub. Each key and value pair is known as an entry. addition of values of differing magnitudes. Object.equals(Object)), an IllegalStateException is Figure 1 illustrates the Java SE 8 code. the value mapping function is applied to each equal element, and the All you need is a mapping function to convert one object to the other. Read more about me at About Me. addition of values of differing magnitudes. elements, and whose corresponding values are Lists containing the Hassle-Free Filesystem Operations during Testing? StreamsMapping class runs the example in its main() method & contains a static list of Employee type of objects. This is the int primitive specialization of Stream.. Return true if the supplied Map is null or empty. We pass an object and it will return true or false. If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to Object.equals(Object)), If orders is a stream of purchase orders, and each purchase order contains a collection of line items, then the following produces a stream containing all the line items To convert it into an array, you use its toArray method: These operations are always lazy. Example: Multiplying All the elements of the list by 3 and returning the updated list. returns null, NullPointerException will be thrown. Intermediate operations are invoked on a Stream instance and after they finish their processing, they give a Stream instance as output. WebListing 2. absolute magnitude tend to yield more accurate results. results are merged using the provided merging function. YouTube | A Map contains unique keys. flatMap() can be used where we have to flatten or transform out the string, In Java, to convert a 2d array into a 1d array, we can loop the 2d array and put all the elements into a new array; Or we can use the Java A pipeline is a sequence of stream operations, which in this example is filter- map-forEach. Although there are lots of approaches to stream creation, for now, well be focusing only on generating streams from lists and arrays. static > comparingByValue(). Since String and Integer are the most common data type in Java, I have chosen an example which is both simple and interesting. Well, we need to get that information by Type inference, because we have already specified that information by storing the result into a List. false and true keys. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Management for IP/MPLS, Carrier Ethernet and Optical Networks. Few Java examples to show you how to filter a Map with Java 8 stream API. WebA sequence of primitive int-valued elements supporting sequential and parallel aggregate operations. Java 8 includes support for lambda expressions, and offers a powerful Streams API which allows you to work with sequences of elements, such as lists and arrays, in a whole new way. produces a result of type D. The resulting collector produces a For HashMap, the key or the value can be of any super K,? The filter, then, uses that information to include the object in the result stream. The returned Map always contains mappings for both It maintains insertion order. Map is a function defined in java.util.stream.Streams class, which is used to transform each element of the stream by applying a function to each element. super V,? I share Java tips on http://javarevisited.blogspot.com and http://java67.com, Interactive Canvas from Google Actions Cheat Guide (If Youre Just Getting Started. I want to process this list and need another List of Integer with just even numbers. It is used to insert the specified map in the map. The classification function maps elements to some key type K. The keys or the values are of Object types.. A nested HashMap is Map inside a Map.The only difference between a HashMap and a nested HashMap is:. Report a bug or suggest an enhancement For further API reference and developer documentation see the Java SE Documentation, which contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples. You need a good example to understand any new concept. JAVA Programming Foundation- Self Paced Course, Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Difference between Stream.of() and Arrays.stream() method in Java, Program to convert a Map to a Stream in Java, Flatten a Stream of Map in Java using forEach loop, Initialize a static Map using Stream in Java, How to convert a Stream into a Map in Java, Difference Between map() And flatMap() In Java Stream, foreach() loop vs Stream foreach() vs Parallel Stream foreach(), Initialize a static Map using Java 9 Map.of(), Stream skip() method in Java with examples. If you are not familiar with Stream behavior, I suggest you check out Learn Java Functional Programming with Lambdas & Streams by Rang Rao Karnam on Udemy, which explains Stream fundamentals in good detail. It is used to compute its value using the given mapping function, if the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to null), and enters it into this map unless null. Read his blog here. If any recorded WebJava 8 - Merging Two Maps Example; Java 8 Convert List to Map Example; Guide to Java 8 forEach Method; Handle NullPointerException using Java 8 Optional Class; How to Use Java 8 Stream API in Java Projects; Migrating Source Code to Java 8; Refactoring Observer Design Pattern with Lambdas; Refactoring Strategy Design Pattern with Lambdas Hello, guys! : . Thats why you are reading this article. For example, consider two unmodifiable lists containing mutable elements. To learn more about the Streams API and the other methods it has to offer, you can refer to its documentation. You can even play with the collect() method to collect the result in a list, set, map or any other collection. Even Joshua Bloch has advised preferring static factory methods like valueOf() over constructor in Effective Java. thrown when the collection operation is performed. If the mapped keys Use is subject to license terms and the documentation redistribution policy. By the way, its not just me. andStackOverflow, Copyright 2018 - 2022 If you are learning functional programming in Java and want to learn how to use map, filter, and collect methods in Java then you have come to the right place. You can also experiment with using more map() functions or more filter() calls to make the composition longer and more sophisticated. values are recorded, due to accumulated rounding error in Since we need to convert a String to an Integer, we can pass either the Integer.parseInt() or Integer.valueOf() method to the map() function. V getOrDefault(Object key, V defaultValue). WebAPI Note: The filtering() collectors are most useful when used in a multi-level reduction, such as downstream of a groupingBy or partitioningBy.For example, given a stream of Employee, to accumulate the employees in each department that have a salary above a certain threshold: Map> wellPaidEmployeesByDepartment You can see that the original list contains numbers from 1 to 6, and the filtered list only contains even numbers, i.e. WebAPI Note: This method supports post-processing on Optional values, without the need to explicitly check for a return status. It performs the given action for each entry in the map until all entries have been processed or the action throws an exception. Watch this course on YouTube at Spring Boot Tutorial | Fee 10 Hours Full Course. to handle merging of the values. The classification function maps elements to some key type K. There are two interfaces for implementing Map in java: Map and SortedMap, and three classes: HashMap, LinkedHashMap, and TreeMap. Id also like to let you know that if you prefer not to use lambda expressions while working with the map, filter, and reduce methods, you can always use method references instead. The article is an example-heavy introduction of the possibilities and operations offered by the Java 8 Stream API. super K>,V> Similar to the map, the filter is also an intermediate operation which means you can call other Stream methods after calling the filter. Stream is an interface and T is the type of stream elements. Example 1 : Stream map() function with operation of number * 3 on each element of stream. If orders is a stream of purchase orders, and each purchase order contains a collection of line items, then the following produces a stream containing all the line items values resulting from applying the classification function to the input key-value pairs. LinkedHashMap is the implementation of Map. In order to find the even numbers, I first need to convert a List of String to a List of Integer. The map(Function mapper) method takes a Function, technically speaking, an object of java.util.function.Function interface. It is used to replace the value corresponding to this entry with the specified value. Thats all about how to use map and filter in Java 8. Before Java 8 : Map map = new HashMap <>(); map.put Java 8 Filter a Map. TestMapFilter.java. If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to Lets create a Function which squares the number passed to it. However, the lambda expression passed to it must always return a boolean value, which determines whether or not the processed element should belong to the resulting Stream object. WebThe map is a well-known functional programming concept that is incorporated into Java 8. WebCreating a stream that uses an array as its source (the stream method). of the ConcurrentMap or List objects returned, or of the This method returns the object that contains the value associated with the key. HashMap class extends AbstractMap class and implements the Map interface. To give you a realistic example, let me show you how you can use map to convert all elements in an array of strings to uppercase. function. value is a NaN or the sum is at any point a NaN then the WebAngular CRUD Example with Spring Boot Spring Boot + Angular 12 CRUD Full Stack Spring Boot + Angular 8 CRUD Full Stack Spring Boot + Angular 10 CRUD Full Stack Spring Boot + React JS CRUD Full Stack React JS ( React Hooks) + Spring Boot Spring Boot Thymeleaf CRUD Full Stack Spring Boot User Registration and Login Node Js + Express + the value mapping function is applied to each equal element, and the average will be NaN. Java Guides All rights reversed | Privacy Policy | The map() function is a method in the Stream class that represents a functional programming concept. may have duplicates, use void forEach(BiConsumer: Optional p = uris.stream().filter(uri -> the value mapping function is applied to each equal element, and the Conversion from Employee type to String type is achieved using a Fortunately, its very easy to convert any stream into its parallel equivalent. If either mapping function If the contained elements are mutable, the entire collection is clearly mutable, even though it might be unmodifiable. So we will be accessed it by Map.Entry name. Twitter, For example, to create a new stream of the existing one without few long size = list.stream().map(element -> { wasCalled(); return element.substring(0, 3); To do so, you can use the filter method. About Me | Example 2 : Stream map() function with operation of converting lowercase to uppercase. We passed that condition to the filter method. All the articles, guides, tutorials(2000 +) written by me so connect with me if you have any questions/queries. check if the Map is empty or null in Java. It returns a comparator that compare the objects in natural order on key. Here is a complete example to test the above utility methods: Java Functional Interface Interview Q & A, Different Ways to Iterate over a List in Java [Snippet], Different Ways to Iterate over a Set in Java [Snippet], Different Ways to Iterate over a Map in Java [Snippet], Iterate over LinkedHashSet in Java Example, Remove First and Last Elements of LinkedList in Java, Iterate over LinkedList using an Iterator in Java, Search an Element in an ArrayList in Java, Iterate over ArrayList using Iterator in Java. The hierarchy of Java Map is given below: A Map doesn't allow duplicate keys, but you can have duplicate values. key-value pairs. WebAPI Note: The flatMap() operation has the effect of applying a one-to-many transformation to the elements of the stream, and then flattening the resulting elements into a new stream.. WebSorts the specified list into ascending order, according to the natural ordering of its elements. The most important code in this example is the following four lines of Stream processing code: This code is starting with a map, then a filter, and finally a collect. Java is a trademark or registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates in the US and other countries. It replaces each entry's value with the result of invoking the given function on that entry until all entries have been processed or the function throws an exception. Unlike the map and filter methods, the reduce method expects two arguments: an identity element, and a lambda expression. In the previous section, you saw that the map method processes every single element in a Stream object. The resulting collector functions do the following: The resulting collector is Collector.Characteristics.UNORDERED if both downstream Scripting on this page tracks web page traffic, but does not change the content in any way. ConcurrentMap. 1.1 Simple Java example to convert a list of Strings to upper case. There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, serializability, or Introduction. There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, This method returns true if the map is empty; returns false if it contains at least one key. The results are merged using the provided merging function. extends V> remappingFunction). Facebook, LinkedIn, Using Map and Reduce in Functional JavaScript, Testing 3 Hosted Shopping Carts: Operations. and the input element, combiner: calls each collector's combiner with two result containers. A reduction operation is one which allows you to compute a result using all the elements present in a stream. It inherits HashMap class. For example, by using the map() function, you can convert a list of String into a List of Integer by applying the Integer.valueOf() method to each String on the input list. Hathibelagal is an independent developer and blogger who loves tinkering with new frameworks, SDKs, and devices. So, to include only even numbers, we call filter( number -> number%2==0) which means each number will be divided by two, and if there is no remainder, then it will be selected. Mail us on [emailprotected], to get more information about given services. Thats the reason the Stream.map(Function mapper) takes a function as an argument. Contact | Java 8 brings some new capabilities with lambda expression and improved collections API to reduce developer time. It is used to compute a mapping for the specified key and its current mapped value (or null if there is no current mapping). Its a terminal operation because it converts a Stream object into an array. collectors are concurrent. Unlike a collection, it is not a data structure that stores elements. Watch this course on YouTube at Spring Boot Tutorial | Fee 10 Hours Full Course. serializability, or thread-safety of the Map returned. It returns a collection view of the values contained in the map. GitHub, thrown when the collection operation is performed. It returns the Set view containing all the keys and values. Thats why we called the map() function first. static s. toUpperCase ()); The Stream object returned contains the changed strings. values are recorded, due to accumulated rounding error in serializability, or thread-safety of the Map returned. extends V> mappingFunction). WebBelow are the examples of Java 8 Stream: Example #1. V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction> whose keys are the If the mapped We are almost done. All rights reserved. Other versions. In Java 8, stream().map() lets you convert an object to something else. The downstream collector operates on elements of type T and So we will then find out the elements that have frequency more than 1, which are the duplicate elements. Facebook, Example 1 : Stream map() function with operation of An unmodifiable collection is not necessarily immutable. But, before that, we need a Stream as a map() as defined in the java.util.stream class. All the articles, guides, tutorials(2000 +) written by me so connect with me if you have any questions/queries. This post looks at using groupingBy() collectors with Java Stream APIs, focusing on the specific use cases, like custom Maps, downstream collections, and more. Comparator> comparingByKey(). The filter method essentially selects elements based upon a condition you provide. You start by converting the array into a Stream: Then you call the map method, passing a lambda expression, one which can convert a string to uppercase, as its sole argument: The Stream object returned contains the changed strings. It returns the Set view containing all the keys. A humble place to learn Java and Programming better. If orders is a stream of purchase orders, and each purchase order contains a collection of line items, then the following produces a stream containing all the line items 1. Contact | key and value pair. ConcurrentMap is created by a provided supplier function. It returns the hash code value for the Map. The average returned can vary depending upon the order in which common mutable reduction tasks: The sum returned can vary depending upon the order in which Examples. A Map can't be traversed, so you need to convert it into Set using keySet() or entrySet() method. sum will be NaN. Hi, I am Ramesh Fadatare. HashMap and LinkedHashMap allow null keys and values, but TreeMap doesn't allow any null key or value. It is supported on-premises and in the cloud, including support and tooling for running Oracle WebLogic Server in containers and Kubernetes, and certification on Oracle Cloud. value is a NaN or the sum is at any point a NaN then the might have duplicates, use toMap(Function, Function, BinaryOperator) thread-safety of the Map or List objects returned. In this tutorial, Im going to show you how to create streams and then transform them using three widely used higher-order methods named map, filter and reduce. values resulting from applying the classification function to the input (, Difference between abstract class and interface in Java 8? (, Difference between map() and flatMap in Java 8 (, How to format/parse the date with LocalDateTime in Java 8? Java Function apply() method example. function. I am founder and author of this blog website JavaGuides, a technical blog dedicated to the Java/Java EE technologies and Full-Stack Java development. 3.4 Below is the final version, and we combine the array first and follow by a filter later. : Java 8 MapList. Even though I have previously blogged about both the map() and filter(), I am writing this post again to expand on the concept in a laymans language to provide a better understanding for my readers and fellow Java developers. The code for this post can be found here. If you have computationally intensive map operations, or if you expect your streams to be very large, you should consider using parallel streams instead. About Me | Here is the Java program to implement whatever I have said in the above section. extends V> function). Now with Java 8 we can group element of an arraylist and count its occurences in just one line of code. There are following types of maps in Java: HashMap; TreeMap; LinkedHashMap; A map is not a Collection but still, consider under the Collections framework. The collector produces a Map> whose keys are the input elements which map to the associated key under the classification If the contained elements are mutable, the entire collection is clearly mutable, even though it might be unmodifiable. Weve already been using a reduction method in our previous examples: the toArray method. Otherwise, it will be ignored. This method returns true if some key equal to the key exists within the map, else return false. Furthermore, all elements in the list must be mutually comparable (that is, e1.compareTo(e2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements e1 and e2 in the list). Now, coming to the filter method, as its name suggests, it filters elements based upon a condition you gave it. There are two interfaces for implementing Map in java: Map and SortedMap, and three classes: HashMap, LinkedHashMap, and TreeMap. There are no guarantees on the type, mutability, serializability, Object.equals(Object)), an IllegalStateException is Output of Java program | Set 12(Exception Handling), Split() String method in Java with examples. If you are wondering what a partial result is, its the result obtained after processing all the elements of the stream that came before the current element. I am Java programmer, blogger, working on Java, J2EE, UNIX, FIX Protocol. where the city names are sorted: This is a concurrent and Hi, I am Ramesh Fadatare. Since our filter condition requires an int variable we first need to convert Stream of String to Stream of Integer. A List of Strings to Uppercase. The above statement creates a map from the Java 8 stream. It takes a lambda expression as its only argument, and uses it to change every individual element in the stream. Further Learning The Complete Java MasterClassFrom Collections to Streams in Java 8 Using Lambda Expressions Java SE 8 for Programmers (book) Refactoring to Java 8 Streams and Lambdas Self- Study Workshop Other Java tutorials you may like If you are interested in learning more about the new features of Java 8, here are my earlier articles covering some of the important concepts of Java 8: Thanks for reading this article so far. This method returns true if some value equal to the value exists within the map, else return false. If the mapped keys contain duplicates (according to ; map() method is used to convert the Stream of Employees to a Stream of Strings with just the employee names. Stream map(Function mapper) returns a stream consisting of the results of applying the given function to the elements of this stream. 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